Antibacterial 4,5-substituted aminoglycoside analogs having multiple substituents

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to analogs of aminoglycoside compounds as well as their preparation and use as prophylactic or therapeutics against microbial infection.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/987,842, filed Jan. 10, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/130,048, filed May 30, 2008, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,893,039, which is a continuation of International PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2006/046122, which was filed on Dec. 1, 2006, now abandoned, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/742,051 filed Dec. 2, 2005. These applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to novel aminoglycoside compounds and synthetic methods for their preparation and use as therapeutic or prophylactic agents.

2. Description of the Related Art

A particular interest in modern drug discovery is the development of novel low molecular weight orally-bioavailable drugs that work by binding to RNA. RNA, which serves as a messenger between DNA and proteins, was thought to be an entirely flexible molecule without significant structural complexity. Recent studies have revealed a surprising intricacy in RNA structure. RNA has a structural complexity rivaling proteins, rather than simple motifs like DNA. Genome sequencing reveals both the sequences of the proteins and the mRNAs that encode them. Since proteins are synthesized using an RNA template, such proteins can be inhibited by preventing their production in the first place by interfering with the translation of the mRNA. Since both proteins and the RNAs are potential drug targeting sites, the number of targets revealed from genome sequencing efforts is effectively doubled. These observations unlock a new world of opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry to target RNA with small molecules.

Classical drug discovery has focused on proteins as targets for intervention. Proteins can be extremely difficult to isolate and purify in the appropriate form for use in assays for drug screening. Many proteins require post-translational modifications that occur only in specific cell types under specific conditions. Proteins fold into globular domains with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic and charged groups on the surface. Multiple subunits frequently form complexes, which may be required for a valid drug screen. Membrane proteins usually need to be embedded in a membrane to retain their proper shape. The smallest practical unit of a protein that can be used in drug screening is a globular domain. The notion of removing a single alpha helix or turn of a beta sheet and using it in a drug screen is not practical, since only the intact protein may have the appropriate 3-dimensional shape for drug binding. Preparation of biologically active proteins for screening is a major limitation in classical high throughput screening. Quite often the limiting reagent in high throughput screening efforts is a biologically active form of a protein which can also be quite expensive.

For screening to discover compounds that bind RNA targets, the classic approaches used for proteins can be superceded with new approaches. All RNAs are essentially equivalent in their solubility, ease of synthesis or use in assays. The physical properties of RNAs are independent of the protein they encode. They may be readily prepared in large quantity through either chemical or enzymatic synthesis and are not extensively modified in vivo. With RNA, the smallest practical unit for drug binding is the functional subdomain. A functional subdomain in RNA is a fragment that, when removed from the larger RNA and studied in isolation, retains its biologically relevant shape and protein or RNA-binding properties. The size and composition of RNA functional subdomains make them accessible by enzymatic or chemical synthesis. The structural biology community has developed significant experience in identification of functional RNA subdomains in order to facilitate structural studies by techniques such as NMR spectroscopy. For example, small analogs of the decoding region of 16S rRNA (the A-site) have been identified as containing only the essential region, and have been shown to bind antibiotics in the same fashion as the intact ribosome.

The binding sites on RNA are hydrophilic and relatively open as compared to proteins. The potential for small molecule recognition based on shape is enhanced by the deformability of RNA. The binding of molecules to specific RNA targets can be determined by global conformation and the distribution of charged, aromatic, and hydrogen bonding groups off of a relatively rigid scaffold. Properly placed positive charges are believed to be important, since long-range electrostatic interactions can be used to steer molecules into a binding pocket with the proper orientation. In structures where nucleobases are exposed, stacking interactions with aromatic functional groups may contribute to the binding interaction. The major groove of RNA provides many sites for specific hydrogen bonding with a ligand. These include the aromatic N7 nitrogen atoms of adenosine and guanosine, the O4 and O6 oxygen atoms of uridine and guanosine, and the amines of adenosine and cytidine. The rich structural and sequence diversity of RNA suggests to us that ligands can be created with high affinity and specificity for their target.

Although our understanding of RNA structure and folding, as well as the modes in which RNA is recognized by other ligands, is far from being comprehensive, significant progress has been made in the last decade (Chow, C. S.; Bogdan, F. M., Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 1489, Wallis, M. G.; Schroeder, R., Prog. Biophys. Molec. Biol. 1997, 67, 141). Despite the central role RNA plays in the replication of bacteria, drugs that target these pivotal RNA sites of these pathogens are scarce. The increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics makes the search for novel RNA binders of crucial importance.

Certain small molecules can bind and block essential functions of RNA. Examples of such molecules include the aminoglycoside antibiotics and drugs such as erythromycin which binds to bacterial rRNA and releases peptidyl-tRNA and mRNA. Aminoglycoside antibiotics have long been known to bind RNA. They exert their antibacterial effects by binding to specific target sites in the bacterial ribosome. For the structurally related antibiotics neamine, ribostamycin, neomycin B, and paromomycin, the binding site has been localized to the A-site of the prokaryotic 16S ribosomal decoding region RNA (Moazed, D.; Noller, H. F., Nature, 1987, 327, 389). Binding of aminoglycosides to this RNA target interferes with the fidelity of mRNA translation and results in miscoding and truncation, leading ultimately to bacterial cell death (Alper, P. B.; Hendrix, M.; Sears, P.; Wong, C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 1965).

There is a need in the art for new chemical entities that work against bacteria with broad-spectrum activity. Perhaps the biggest challenge in discovering RNA-binding antibacterial drugs is identifying vital structures common to bacteria that can be disabled by small molecule drug binding. A challenge in targeting RNA with small molecules is to develop a chemical strategy which recognizes specific shapes of RNA. There are three sets of data that provide hints on how to do this: natural protein interactions with RNA, natural product antibiotics that bind RNA, and man-made RNAs (aptamers) that bind proteins and other molecules. Each data set, however, provides different insights to the problem.

Several classes of drugs obtained from natural sources have been shown to work by binding to RNA or RNA/protein complexes. These include three different structural classes of antibiotics: thiostreptone, the aminoglycoside family and the macrolide family of antibiotics. These examples provide powerful clues to how small molecules and targets might be selected. Nature has selected RNA targets in the ribosome, one of the most ancient and conserved targets in bacteria. Since antibacterial drugs are desired to be potent and have broad-spectrum activity these ancient processes fundamental to all bacterial life represent attractive targets. The closer we get to ancient conserved functions the more likely we are to find broadly conserved RNA shapes. It is important to also consider the shape of the equivalent structure in humans, since bacteria were unlikely to have considered the therapeutic index of their RNAs while evolving them.

A large number of natural antibiotics exist, these include the aminoglycosides, kirromycin, neomycin, paromomycin, thiostrepton, and many others. They are very potent, bactericidal compounds that bind RNA of the small ribosomal subunit. The bactericidal action is mediated by binding to the bacterial RNA in a fashion that leads to misreading of the genetic code. Misreading of the code during translation of integral membrane proteins is thought to produce abnormal proteins that compromise the barrier properties of the bacterial membrane.

Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) that suppress the growth of other microorganisms and may eventually destroy them. However, common usage often extends the term antibiotics to include synthetic antibacterial agents, such as the sulfonamides, and quinolines, that are not products of microbes. The number of antibiotics that have been identified now extends into the hundreds, and many of these have been developed to the stage where they are of value in the therapy of infectious diseases. Antibiotics differ markedly in physical, chemical, and pharmacological properties, antibacterial spectra, and mechanisms of action. In recent years, knowledge of molecular mechanisms of bacterial, fungal, and viral replication has greatly facilitated rational development of compounds that can interfere with the life cycles of these microorganisms.

At least 30% of all hospitalized patients now receive one or more courses of therapy with antibiotics, and millions of potentially fatal infections have been cured. At the same time, these pharmaceutical agents have become among the most misused of those available to the practicing physician. One result of widespread use of antimicrobial agents has been the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which in turn has created an ever-increasing need for new drugs. Many of these agents have also contributed significantly to the rising costs of medical care.

When the antimicrobial activity of a new agent is first tested, a pattern of sensitivity and resistance is usually defined. Unfortunately, this spectrum of activity can subsequently change to a remarkable degree, because microorganisms have evolved the array of ingenious alterations discussed above that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotics. The mechanism of drug resistance varies from microorganism to microorganism and from drug to drug.

The development of resistance to antibiotics usually involves a stable genetic change, heritable from generation to generation. Any of the mechanisms that result in alteration of bacterial genetic composition can operate. While mutation is frequently the cause, resistance to antimicrobial agents may be acquired through transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by transduction, transformation or conjugation.

For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for new chemical entities that possess antimicrobial activity. Further, in order to accelerate the drug discovery process, new methods for synthesizing aminoglycoside antibiotics are needed to provide an array of compounds that are potentially new drugs for the treatment microbial infections.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds having the following formula I:

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein:

Q₁ is azido, —OH, a protected hydroxyl, —NR₂R₃ or a nitrogen containing heterocycle radical which can include one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein the heterocycle is covalently linked through said nitrogen atom;

Q₂ is —NR₂R₄;

each Q₃ and Q₄ is —OR₇;

Q₅ is H, halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₈, —NR₂R₃, a protected amino group or a nitrogen containing heterocyclic radical which can include one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein the heterocyclic radical is covalently linked through said nitrogen atom;

each R₁ is, independently, H or a hydroxyl protecting group;

each R₂ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

each R₃ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₄ is H, an amino protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or a group having the following formula III:

each R₆ is, independently, H or an amino protecting group;

each R₇ is, independently, H, a hydroxyl protecting group or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₈ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

L₁ is S, O or NJ₁;

L₂ is CH or N;

n is an integer from 1 to 8;

m is 0 or 1;

nn is 0 or an integer from 1 to 8;

mm is 1 or 2;

E₁ is H, hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical or a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that can be unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and can include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S;

each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, —C(═O)—X, a heterocyclic radical or a substituted heterocyclic radical;

each X is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

each Z₁ and Z₂ is, independently, H, hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; and

Z₃ is —OR₈ or a group having the following formula IV:

and

wherein at least two of Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₄ and Q₅ are other than hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, amino or a protected amino group and when Q₂ is —N(H)C(═O)C(H)(OH)CH₂—CH₂NH₂ then Q₁ is other than —N(H)CH₃ or —N(H)CH₂CH₃ and Q₅ is other than —N(H)C(═NH)NH₂ or —N(H)CH═NH₂.

In one aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is azido or —NR₁₀R₁₁; and

Q₂ is —NR₁₀R₁₂,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₂ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or a group having formula III.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is azido or —NR₁₀R₁₁; and

Q₃ is —OR₁₃,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is azido or —NR₁₀R₁₁; and

Q₄ is —OR₁₃,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is azido or —NR₁₀R¹¹; and

Q₅ is halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₁₄ or —NR₁₀R₁₁,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₂ is —NR₁₀R₁₂, and

Q₃ is —OR₁₃,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₂ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alky or a group having formula III; and

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₂ is —NR₁₀R₁₂; and

Q₄ is —OR₁₃,

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₂ C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alky or a group having formula III; and

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₂ is —NR₁₀R₁₂; and

Q₅ is halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₁₄ or —NR₁₀R₁₁;

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)E₁;

R₁₂ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alky or a group having formula III; and

R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Q₃ and Q₄ are each —OR₁₃, wherein each R₁₃ is, independently, —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₃ is —OR₁₃; and

Q₅ is halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₁₄ or —NR₁₀R₁₁;

wherein:

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₄ is —OR₁₃; and

Q₅ is halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₁₄ or —NR₁₀R₁₁;

wherein:

R₁₀ is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₁₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and

R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Z₁ and Z₂ are both H.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Z₁ and Z₂ are both hydroxyl or protected hydroxy.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that one of Z₁ and Z₂ is H.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Q₂ is an optionally protected group having the formula —N(H)C(O)C(H)(OH)(CH₂)₂NH₂.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Z₃ is —OR₈.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Z₃ is a group having formula IV.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₂ is:

and

Q₄ is —O—(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is —OH, a protected hydroxyl or —NR₂R₃;

each Q₃ and Q₅ is, independently, —OH or a protected hydroxyl; at least one of Z₁ and Z₂ is H;

Z₃ is a group having formula IV; and

each R₂ is, independently, H or an amino protecting group.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₁ is amino or protected amino;

L₂ is CH;

L₁ is —NJ₁; and

E₁ is C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl or a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that can be unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and can include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

n is an integer from 1 to 3;

m is 1; and

nn is an integer from 1 to 3.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that E₁ is C₅-C₂₀ aryl or substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that E₁ is phenyl.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that: n is 2; and nn is 2.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that each of Z₁ and Z₂ is H.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that one of Z₁ and Z₂ is H and the other of Z₁ and Z₂ is hydroxy.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Q₂ has the configuration:

and

* indicates a chiral carbon having (S)-configuration.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

Q₂ is:

Q₄ is —O—(CH₂)₂—N(H)—(CH₂)₂—C₆H₅;

Q₁ is —OH, a protected hydroxyl, amino or protected amino;

Q₃ and Q₅ are each —OH;

Z₃ is a group having formula IV; and

at least one of Z₁ and Z₂ is H.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Q₂ and Q₄ are each, independently, a group other than hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, amino or protected amino.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Q₁ is —OH, protected hydroxyl or —NR₂R₃.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that Z₃ is a group having formula IV.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are substituted such that:

each of said substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl or substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocyclic radical, substituted heterocyclic radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, —OJ₃, —SJ₃, —N₃, —COOH, —C(═O)—X, —CN, —S(═O)₂—X, —S(═O)—X, —C(═O)—NJ₁J₂, —N(H)C(═O)-J₁, —N(J₁)—(CH₂)_(nm)—OJ₃ and —N(J₁)-(CH₂)_(nm)—NJ₁J₂ and a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that can be unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and can include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S;

each J₃ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl or a hydroxyl protecting group; and

nm is an integer from 1 to 20.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I have the configuration:

In another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of formula I have the configuration:

The present invention also provides methods of using a compound of the invention in therapy. In particular, the present invention provides a method of treating a bacterial infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As noted above, in one aspect of the present invention, aminoglycoside compounds are provided having the following formula I:

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein:

Q₁ is azido, —OH, a protected hydroxyl, —NR₂R₃ or a nitrogen containing heterocycle radical which can include one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein the heterocycle is covalently linked through said nitrogen atom;

Q₂ is —NR₂R₄;

each Q₃ and Q₄ is —OR₇;

Q₅ is H, halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₈, —NR₂R₃, a protected amino group or a nitrogen containing heterocyclic radical which can include one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein the heterocyclic radical is covalently linked through said nitrogen atom;

each R₁ is, independently, H or a hydroxyl protecting group;

each R₂ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

each R₃ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₄ is H, an amino protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or a group having the following formula

each R₆ is, independently, H or an amino protecting group;

each R₇ is, independently, H, a hydroxyl protecting group or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

R₈ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L)_(n)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁;

L₁ is S, O or NJ₁;

L₂ is CH or N;

n is an integer from 1 to 8;

m is 0 or 1;

nn is 0 or an integer from 1 to 8;

mm is 1 or 2;

E₁ is H, hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical or a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that can be unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and can include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S;

each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, —C(═O)—X, a heterocyclic radical or a substituted heterocyclic radical;

each X is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

each Z₁ and Z₂ is, independently, H, hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; and

Z₃ is —OR₈ or a group having the following formula IV:

and

wherein at least two of Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₄ and Q₅ are other than hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, amino or a protected amino group and when Q₂ is —N(H)C(═O)C(H)(OH)CH₂—CH₂NH₂ then Q₁ is other than —N(H)CH₃ or —N(H)CH₂CH₃ and Q₅ is other than —N(H)C(═NH)NH₂ or —N(H)CH═NH₂.

In other aspects of the present invention, wherein Z₃ is —OR₈ or Z₃ is a group having the formula IV, aminoglycoside compounds are provided having the following formulas V and VI, respectively:

In more specific embodiments of the foregoing, aminoglycoside compounds are provided having the following formulas VII and VIII, respectively:

wherein:

each Z_(a) and Z_(b) is, independently, H, —OH or a protected hydroxyl;

each R_(a) is, independently, H, a hydroxyl protecting group or an amino protecting group;

at least two of Q_(a), Q_(b), Q_(c), Q_(d) and Q_(e) are, independently, an optionally linked chemical functional group; and

each of the remaining Q_(a), Q_(b), Q_(c), Q_(d) and Q_(e) are, independently, hydroxyl, amino, a protected hydroxyl, a protected amino or an optionally linked chemical functional group.

Aminoglycoside compounds of the present invention are prepared according to established organic synthetic methods. In a particular general method, paromomycin is selectively protected such that one of the 1, 2″, 5″, 6 or 6′ positions can be selectively functionalized followed by deprotection of one of the remaining protected positions for further functionalization. Following the orthogonal protection schemes provided in the examples below aminoglycoside compounds are prepared having at least two of the 1, 2″, 5″, 6 or 6′ positions selectively functionalized.

In a preferred embodiment the compounds of the present invention are prepared from paromomycin sulfate salt (commercially available from various sources including Sigma-Aldrich Co., et al.). The reactive groups are orthogonally protected as illustrated in the examples below to enable selective functionalization of at least two of the 1, 2″, 5″, 6 or 6′ positions. The methods disclosed herein are amenable to a wide variety of chemical reactions to prepare a large number of paromomycin analogs. The present invention therefor provides a variety of substituted paromomycin analogs that are useful as therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents as well as processes and intermediates for making them.

In some preferred embodiments each of the 3′ and 4′ substituents (either Z₁ and Z₂ or Z_(a) and Z_(b)) are hydroxyl groups as found in paromomycin. In other embodiments one or both of the 3′ and 4′ substituents are hydrogen.

The term “chemical functional group” as used herein, refers to one or more groups that are directly attached or linked to a site in a compound. Such groups can enhance the properties of the parent compound to provide for example enhanced activity against one or more selected targets. A representative list of chemical functional groups includes, but is not limited to, H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aminoalkyl, substituted aminoalkyl, carbocyclic alkyl, substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic, substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic, substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, —O-aralkyl, —S-aralkyl, —NH-aralkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, a heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, a substituted heterocycle, alicyclyl, substituted alicyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that can be unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and can include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S, wherein said mono or poly cyclic structure is bonded directly or through said substituent group, hydroxyl, alkoxy, thiol, thioalkyl, halogen, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —OJ_(a), —C(═O)J_(c), ═O, —C(═O)OJ_(c), —NJ_(a)J_(b), ═NJ_(a), —N(J_(a))C(═O)J_(c), —N(J_(a))C(═O)NJ_(a)J_(b), —N(J_(a))C(S)NJ_(a)J_(b), —N(J_(a))S(O)₂J_(a), —N(J_(a))C(═NJ_(a))NJ_(a)J_(b), —N(J_(a))(CH₂)_(nmn)—OJ_(b), —N(J_(a))(CH₂)_(nmn)NJ_(a)J_(b), —C(═O)NJ_(a)J_(b), —OC(═O)NJ_(a)J_(b), —C(═NJ_(a))NJ_(a)J_(b), —C(═NJ_(a))J_(a), —C(═O)—(CH₂)₂—CH(NJ_(a)J_(b))—C(═O)OJ_(a), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —S(O)₂NJ_(a)J_(b), —S(O)₂J_(a), S, —SJ_(a), silyl, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding where nmn is from 1 to about 20.

Wherein each J_(a) and J_(b) is, independently, H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —C(O)J_(c), a protecting group, an optionally linked conjugate group or an optionally linked chemical functional group.

Wherein each J_(c) is, independently, H, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, a protecting group, an optionally linked conjugate group or an optionally linked chemical functional group.

The terms “substituent” and “substituent group,” as used herein, are meant to include groups that are typically added to other groups or parent compounds to enhance desired properties or give desired effects. Substituent groups can be protected or unprotected and can be added to one available site or to many available sites in a parent compound. Substituent groups may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or via a linking group such as an alkyl or hydrocarbyl group to a parent compound. Such substituent groups include without limitation, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl (—C(O)R_(aa)), carboxyl (—C(O)O—R_(aa)), aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxo (—O—R_(aa)), aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, amino (—NR_(bb)R_(cc)), imino (═NR_(bb)), amido (—C(O)NR_(bb)R_(cc) or —N(R_(bb))C(O)R_(aa)), azido (—N₃), nitro (—NO₂), cyano (—CN), carbamido (—OC(O)NR_(bb)R_(cc) or —N(R_(bb))C(O)OR_(aa)), ureido (—N(R_(bb))C(O)NR_(bb)R_(cc)), thioureido (—N(R_(bb))C(S)NR_(bb)R_(cc)), guanidinyl (—N(R_(bb))C(—NR_(bb))NR_(bb)R_(cc)), amidinyl (—C(═NR_(bb))NR_(bb)R_(cc) or —N(R_(bb))C(NR_(bb))R_(aa)), thiol (—SR_(bb)), sulfinyl (—S(O)R_(bb)), sulfonyl (—S(O)₂R_(bb)), sulfonamidyl (—S(O)₂NR_(bb)R_(cc) or —N(R_(bb))S(O)₂R_(bb)) and conjugate groups. Wherein each R_(aa), R_(bb) and R_(cc) is H, an optionally linked chemical functional group or a further substituent group, with a preferred list including, without limitation, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aliphatic, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, heterocyclic and heteroarylalkyl groups.

Linking groups such as those known in the art are amenable to the present invention. Linking groups or bifunctional linking moieties are useful for attachment of chemical functional groups, conjugate groups, reporter groups and other groups to selective sites in a parent compound. In general a bifunctional linking moiety comprises a hydrocarbyl moiety having two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a parent molecule or compound of interest and the other is selected to bind essentially any selected group such as chemical functional group or a conjugate group. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a chain structure or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glyol or amino acid units. Examples of functional groups that are routinely used in a bifunctional linking moieties include, but are not limited to, electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In some embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties include amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, unsaturations (e.g., double or triple bonds), and the like. Some nonlimiting examples of bifunctional linking moieties include 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other linking groups include, but are not limited to, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

The term “hydrocarbyl” includes groups comprising C, O and H. Included are straight, branched and cyclic groups having any degree of saturation. Such hydrocarbyl groups can include one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and can be further mono or poly substituted with one or more substituent groups.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and the like. Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl) with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms (C₁-C₆ alkyl) being more preferred. The teen “lower alkyl” as used herein includes from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical containing from two up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and the like. Alkenyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms (C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl), more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl) with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms (C₂-C₆ alkenyl) being more preferred. Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing from two up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like. Alkynyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms (C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl), more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₂-C₁₇ alkynyl) with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms (C₂-C₆ alkynyl) being more preferred. Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups.

The term “aminoalkyl” as used herein, refers to an amino substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl radical. This term is meant to include C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups having an amino substituent at any position and wherein the alkyl group attaches the aminoalkyl group to the parent molecule. The alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or amino portions of the aminoalkyl group can be further substituted with substituent groups.

The term “aliphatic,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms wherein the saturation between any two carbon atoms is a single, double or triple bond. An aliphatic group preferably contains from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The straight or branched chain of an aliphatic group may be interupted with one or more heteroatoms that include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. Such aliphatic groups interupted by heteroatoms include without limitation polyalkoxys, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines. Aliphatic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term “alicyclic” or “alicyclyl” refers to a cyclic ring system wherein the ring is aliphatic. The ring system can comprise one or more rings wherein at least one ring is aliphatic. Preferred alicyclics include rings having from about 5 to about 9 carbon atoms in the ring. Alicyclic as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers to a radical formed between an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group and an oxygen atom wherein the oxygen atom is used to attach the alkoxy group to a parent molecule. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The terms “aryl” and “aromatic,” as used herein, refer to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system radicals having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, idenyl and the like. Preferred aryl ring systems have from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms in one or more rings. Aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms “aralkyl” and “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refer to a radical formed between an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group and an aryl group wherein the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is used to attach the aralkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Aralkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups attached to the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or both groups that form the radical group.

The term “heterocyclic,” “heterocyclic radical,” or “heterocycle” as used herein, refers to a radical mono-, or poly-cyclic ring system that includes at least one heteroatom and is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated, thereby including heteroaryl groups. Heterocyclic is also meant to include fused ring systems wherein one or more of the fused rings contain at least one heteroatom and the other rings can contain one or more heteroatoms or optionally contain no heteroatoms. A heterocyclic group typically includes at least one atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heterocyclic groups include, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, tetrahydrofuryl and the like. Heterocyclic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms “heteroaryl,” and “heteroaromatic,” as used herein, refer to a radical comprising a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic ring, ring system or fused ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and includes one or more heteroatom. Heteroaryl is also meant to include fused ring systems including systems where one or more of the fused rings contain no heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups typically include one ring atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like. Heteroaryl radicals can be attached to a parent molecule directly or through a linking moiety such as an aliphatic group or hetero atom. Heteroaryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term “heteroarylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a heteroaryl group as previously defined having an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl radical that can attach the heteroarylalkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, napthyridinylpropyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term “mono or poly cyclic structure” as used in the present invention includes all ring systems that are single or polycyclic having rings that are fused or linked and is meant to be inclusive of single and mixed ring systems individually selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaromatic, and heteroarylalkyl groups. Such mono and poly cyclic structures can contain rings that are uniform or have varying degrees of saturation including fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated. Each ring can comprise ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S to give rise to heterocyclic rings as well as rings comprising only C ring atoms which can be present in a mixed motif such as for example benzimidazole wherein one ring has only carbon ring atoms and the fused ring has two nitrogen atoms. The mono or poly cyclic structures can be further substituted with substituent groups such as for example phthalimide which has two ═O groups attached to one of the rings. In another aspect, mono or poly cyclic structures can be attached to a parent molecule directly through a ring atom, through a substituent group or a bifunctional linking moiety.

The term “acyl,” as used herein, refers to a radical formed by removal of a hydroxyl group from an organic acid and has the general formula —C(O)—X, where X is typically aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Acyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

In one aspect of the present invention aminoglycoside compounds having formula I, V and VI are are modified by covalent attachment of one or more conjugate groups that modify one or more properties of the compounds, including but not limited to pharmakodynamic, pharmacokinetic, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts with a preferred list including, without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes. Reporter groups that are suitable as conjugate groups include any moiety that can be detected by, for example, spectroscopic means. Examples of reporter groups include dyes, fluorophores, phosphors, radiolabels, and the like. In some embodiments, the reporter group is biotin, flourescein, rhodamine, coumarin, or related compounds. Reporter groups can also be attached to other conjugate moieties. Conjugate moieties can be attached directly to a compound of the present invention or through a linker group or bifunctional linking moiety (linker or tether).

The term “protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect reactive groups including without limitation, hydroxyl, amino and thiol groups, against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. Protecting groups are typically used selectively and/or orthogonally to protect sites during reactions at other reactive sites and can then be removed to leave the unprotected group as is or available for further reactions. Protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999).

Groups can be selectively incorporated into aminoglycosides of the invention as precursors. For example an amino group can be placed into a compound of the invention as an azido group that can be chemically converted to the amino group at a desired point in the synthesis. Generally, groups are protected or present as a precursor that will be inert to reactions that modify other areas of the parent molecule for conversion into their final groups at an appropriate time. Further representative protecting or precursor groups are discussed in Agrawal, et al., Protocols for Oligonucleotide Conjugates, Eds, Humana Press; New Jersey, 1994; Vol. 26 pp. 1-72.

Examples of hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, t-butyl, t-butoxymethyl, methoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, p-chlorophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, diphenylmethyl, p-nitrobenzyl, triphenylmethyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, pivaloate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate, mesylate and tosylate.

Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamate-protecting groups, such as 2-trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (Teoc), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Bpoc), t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz); amide protecting groups, such as formyl, acetyl, trihaloacetyl, benzoyl, and nitrophenylacetyl; sulfonamide-protecting groups, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl; and imine and cyclic imide protecting groups, such as phthalimido and dithiasuccinoyl.

Examples of thiol protecting groups include, but are not limited to, triphenylmethyl (trityl), benzyl (Bn), and the like.

The synthesized compounds can be separated from reaction mixtures and further purified by methods including but not limited to column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography and recrystallization. Further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

The compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, α or β, or as (D)- or (L)- such as for amino acids et al. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

Susceptible organisms generally include those gram positive and gram negative, aerobic and anaerobic organisms whose growth can be inhibited by the compounds of the invention such as Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Sarcina, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Proteus, Campylobacter, Citrobacter, Nisseria, Baccillus, Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Haemophilus, Brucella and other organisms.

It has been found that the compounds of the present invention possess antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, as well as enterobacteria and anaerobes. The compounds, by reason of their in vitro activity, may be used in scrub solutions for surface inhibition of bacterial growth, e.g., in sterilization of glasswear or as an additive in fabric laundering compositions.

Accordingly there is provided a method of treating bacterial infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal, for example a human, an effective amount of a compound of the invention. By “effective amount” is meant an amount of compound which upon administration is capable of reducing or preventing proliferation of the bacteria or reducing or preventing symptoms associated with the bacterial infection. The actual amount of compound administered and the route of administration will depend upon the particular disease or bacteria as well as other factors such as the size, age, sex and ethnic origin of the individual being treated and is determined by routine analysis. The compounds of the invention may also be formulated into compositions together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for parenteral injection, for oral administration in solid or liquid form, for rectal administration, and the like. In methods of the invention, the compound may be administered orally (including buccal, sublingual, inhalation), nasally, rectally, vaginally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously and topically. Compounds will be formulated into compositions suitable for administration for example with suitable carriers, diluents, thickeners, adjuvants, etc., as are routine in the formulation art. Compositions of the invention may also include additional active ingredients. Dosage forms include solutions, powders, tables, capsules, gel capsules, suppositories, topical ointments and creams and aerosols for inhalation.

Formulations for non-parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with compounds of the invention can be used. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carries include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously react with compounds of the invention. Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain stabilizers.

In a preferred embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered via oral delivery. Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, troches, tablets or SECs (soft elastic capsules or caplets). Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids, carrier substances of binders may be desirably added to such formulations. The use of such formulations has the effect of delivering the nucleic acid to the alimentary canal for exposure to the mucosa thereof. Accordingly, the formulation can consist of material effective in protecting the compound from pH extremes of the stomach, or in releasing the compound over time, to optimize the delivery thereof to a particular mucosal site. Enteric coatings for acid-resistant tablets, capsules and caplets are known in the art and typically include acetate phthalate, propylene glycol and sorbitan monoleate.

Various methods for producing formulations for alimentary delivery are well known in the art. See, generally, Nairn, Chapter 83; Block, Chapter 87; Rudnic et. al., Chapter 89; and Longer et. al., Chapter 91 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990. The formulations of the invention can be converted in a known manner into the customary fog mulations, such as tablets, coated tablets, pills, granules, aerosols, syrups, emulsions, suspensions and solutions, using inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients or solvents. The therapeutically active compound should in each case be present in a concentration of about 0.5% to about 95% by weight of the total mixture, that is to say in amounts which are sufficient to achieve the desired dosage range. The formulations are prepared, for example, by extending the active compounds with solvents and/or excipients, if appropriate using emulsifying agents and/or dispersing agents, and, for example, in the case where water is used as the diluent, organic solvents can be used as auxiliary solvents if appropriate.

Compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using additional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients as appropriate. Thus, the composition may be prepared by conventional means with additional carriers or excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); filters (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrates (e.g., starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). Tablets may be coated by methods will known in the art. The preparations may be also contain flavoring, coloring and/or sweetening agents as appropriate.

The pharmaceutical formulations, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided soled carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tables each containing predetermined amounts of the active ingredients; as powders or granules; as solutions or suspensions in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as oil-in-water emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions. A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, the active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredients therein.

Included within the scope of the present invention are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing compounds. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to non-toxic acid addition salts and alkaline earth metal salts of the compounds of the invention. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base or acid functions with a suitable organic acid or base. Representative acid addition salts include the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, bisulphate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, mesylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, lauryl sulfate salts and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include the sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium salts.

Included within the scope of the present invention are prodrugs of the foregoing compounds. As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of the present invention. Thus, the term “prodrug” refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of the present invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound. Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the active compound, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam)). A discussion of prodrugs is also provided in Higuchi, T., et al., “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated in full by reference herein.

The term “prodrug” is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release an active compound of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs are generally prepared by modifying functional groups in a way such that the modification is cleaved, either by routine manipulation or in vivo, yielding the parent compound. Prodrugs include, for example, compounds of the present invention wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form the hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups. Thus, representative examples of prodrugs include (but are not limited to) acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups of the compounds of the present invention. Further, in the case of a carboxylic acid (—COOH), esters may be employed, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, and the like.

The invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass the in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds. Such products may result from, for example, the oxidation, reducation, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products are typically are identified by administering a radiolabelled compound of the invention in a detectable dose to an animal, such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur, and isolating its coversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (2)

Sodium carbonate (55.0 g, 0.523 mol) and Cbz-Cl (20.00 mL, 0.139 mol) were added to paromomycin sulfate (30.00 g, 0.0271 mol) in water (500 mL). After 35 hours under vigorous stirring, the water was decanted and the white precipitate was washed with water twice. A solution of triethylamine (97.00 mL, 0.697 mol) in methanol (600 mL) was added, followed by Cbz-Cl (25.00 mL, 0.174 mol). After 24 hours, dimethylamine (100 mL of a 40% aqueous solution) was added to quench the remaining Cbz-Cl. The solvents were evaporated and the oil was washed with 3% methanol in ether twice and water. The resulting sticky solid was co distilled with pyridine (200 mL) three times and at ½ of the volume of the third co distillation, toluene (200 mL) was added and the solvents were evaporated to dryness. Another co-distillation with toluene (300 mL) was done before heating the flask at 60° C. under 10 mm Hg vacuum for 12 hours. Freshly distilled benzaldehyde (400 mL) was added to the resulting white solid and sonication was used to form a solution. To the stirred mixture was added 4 angstrom molecular sieves (15g) and formic acid (20.00 mL, 0.530 mol). After stirring for 12 hours at room temperature, the mixture was added dropwise to a stirred ice-cold solution of saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃, extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times), and the organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated to dryness and excess benzaldehyde was removed under vacuum to afford a crude solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography over silica gel (3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to obtain pure Compound 2 (23.89 g, 63%).

The spectroscopic analysis of the resulting material was consistent with data reported in the literature for the identical material (Hanessian S., Takamoto T., Massé R., Patil G.; Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Chemical conversion of neomycin B, paromomycin, and lividomycin B into bioactive pseudosaccharides; Can. J. Chem., 1978, 56, 1482).

Example 2 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5″-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl paromomycin (3)

The alcohol, Compound 2 (6.00 g, 4.367 mmol) dried by two co distillations with toluene was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (400 mL) and 2,4,6-collidine (1.15 mL, 8.735 mmol) followed by TBDMSOTf (0.50 mL, 2.184 mmol) were added at 0° C. After 18 hours, 0.6 equivalent of TBDMSOTf was added and 6 hours later, some of the CH₂Cl₂ was evaporated to a smaller volume for washing with HCl (0.5 M) twice and H₂O. Drying with Na₂SO₄ and purification by silica gel chromatography (2% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave Compound 3 (4.861 g, 75%).

[α]_(D)+41.8° (c 0.9, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.6 (CHCl₃:EtOAc:MeOH (20:5:3); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.60-7.10 (m, 30H), 5.60-3.00 (m, 41H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); ESI m/z calcd C₇₆H₉₃N₅O₂₄Si 1487.60 found 1488.9.

Example 3 2″-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5″-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl paromomycin (4)

Compound 3 (2.10 g, 1.411 mmol) was co-distilled with toluene twice and the residue dissolved in dry THF (70 mL) in a flask covered with aluminum foil. Allyl iodide (1.29 mL, 14.11 mmol) was added followed by the dropwise addition of 0.5 M KHMDS solution in toluene (1.411 mL, 0.706 mmol). The mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature, then, 0.3 equivalents of KHMDS was added and 6 hours later the reaction mixture was quenched with an aqueous solution of NH₄Cl saturated (2 mL) and water. THF was evaporated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times), and the organic layer was washed with a sodium thiosulfate solution, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated to dryness to afford a crude solid, which was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (1.5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) providing the corresponding allyl ether, Compound 4 (1.468 g, 68%).

[α]_(D)+22.2° (c 2.6, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.7 (CHCl₃:EtOAc:MeOH (20:5:3); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.60-7.10 (m, 30H), 6.30-3.00 (m, 44H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 157.7, 157.1, 156.5, 155.6, 137.2, 136.2, 135.7, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4, 128.0, 127.9, 127.4, 126.3, 126.0, 101.5, 99.4, 85.2, 82.3, 81.4, 77.2, 76.9, 76.6, 76.2, 74.2, 72.7, 69.5, 68.5, 67.3, 66.7, 63.5, 62.8, 56.5, 52.7, 50.8, 40.1, 33.7, 25.8, 18.1, 14.1, −5.3, −5.5, −5.8; ESI m/z calcd for C₇₉H₉₇N₅O₂₄Si 1527.63. found 1528.8.

Example 4 2″-O-allyl-3′,3′,4′-tri-O-benzoyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5″-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl paromomycin (5)

A solution containing Compound 4 (5.30 g, 3.46 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (100 mg) in dry pyridine (100 mL) was treated with benzoyl chloride (3.017 mL, 34.641 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 36 hours water (5 mL) was added and after standing for 10 min, the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ saturated, 0.5 M HCl and water, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1:1 EtOAc/hexane) to yield Compound 5 (5.3 g, quantitative).

[α]_(C)+11.6° (c 2.5, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.6 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.10-7.10 (m, 47H), 6.30-3.00 (m, 44H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ158.5, 156.4, 138.0, 137.0, 136.9, 136.8, 136.5, 129.6, 129.5, 129.4, 129.2, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 128.7, 128.4, 128.3, 128.2, 128.1, 127.0, 98.5, 82.2, 78.1, 70.3, 70.2, 68.0, 67.8, 67.6, 67.4, 67.2, 26.6, 18.9; ESI m/z calcd for C₁₀₀H₁₀₉N₅O₂₇Si 1839.71 found 1840.9.

Example 5 3′,3′″,4′″-tri-O-benzoyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-2″-O-methylenecarbonyl-5″-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl paromomycin (6)

The allyl ether derivative, Compound 5 (2.00 g, 1.086 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was cooled at −78° C. and ozone was bubbled for 2 hours after which excess ozone was removed by bubbling argon. The mixture was treated with PPh₃ (427 mg, 1.629 mmol), warmed to room temperature and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude solid was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/hexane) to give the aldehyde, Compound 6 (1.627 g, 80%).

R_(f) 0.4 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); ESI m/z C₉₉H₁₀₇N₅O₂₈Si 1841.69. found 1842.9.

Example 6 General Procedure for Reductive Amination

Compound R¹ R² 7a H

7b H

7c H

7d H

7e H

7f H

7g Me Me 7h

7i

7l H

7m H

7n H

7o H

7p H

7q H

7r H

7s H

7t H

7u H

7v H

7w H

7x H

7y H

7z H

7aa H

7ab H

7ac H

7ad H

7ae H

7af H

7ag

7ah H

7ai

7aj H

7ak H

To a mixture of Compound 6 (80.0 mg, 0.043 mmol) and the appropriate amine (0.129 mmol) in dry MeOH (3 mL) was added acetic acid (0.1 mL) followed by NaBH₃CN (1.0 M in THF, 60 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvents were removed under vacuum and the crude solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with a solution of NaHCO₃ saturated and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of the solvents, the residue was purified by flash chromatography.

Compound 7a. 90% yield from 2-aminopyridine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: EtOAc:hexane (4:1); [α]_(D)+15.7° (c 1.3, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.5 (EtOAc); ESI m/z C₁₀₄H₁₁₃N₇O₂₇Si 1919.75. found 1920.8;

Compound 7b. 90% yield from 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+17.8° (c 0.9, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.6 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₁₀₅H₁₁₅N₇O₂₇Si 1933.76. found 1934.8;

Compound 7c. 90% yield from N-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1,3-diaminopropane and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; +12.7° (c 0.8, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.5 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); FAB m/z C₁₁₀H₁₂₃N₇O₂₉Si 2033.81. found 2036.1.

Compound 7d. 90% yield from N-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+21.6.7° (c 1.7, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.5 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₁₀₉H₁₂₁N₇O₂₉Si 2019.80. found 2021.9;

Compound 7e. 90% yield from 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole and compound 6 using the general procedure above (note: the benzylidene and the TBS were often removed during the reductive amination); silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 7% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+11.5° (c 1.1, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.5 (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₉₄H₉₈N₈O₂₇ 1770.65. found 1771.7;

Compound 7f. 90% yield from p-methylbenzylamine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+8.9° (c 1.7, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.6 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₁₀₇H₁₁₈N₆O₂₇Si 1946.78. found 1947.5.

Compound 7g. 90% yield from dimethylamine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+28.3° (c 0.8, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.6 (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₁₀₁H₁₁₄N₆O₂₇Si 1870.75. found 1871.8;

Compound 7h. 90% yield from bis-[N-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)aminoethyl]amine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+10.8° (c 1.5, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.7 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₁₀₂H₁₁₆N₈O₃₃ 1980.76. found 1981.7;

Compound 7i. 90% yield from N-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)piperazine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+13.1° (c 1.2, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.5 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); FAB m/z C₁₁₈H₁₂₈N₇O₃₀Si 2150.85. found 2149.6.

Compound 7l. 88% yield from aniline and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₅H₁₁₄N₆O₂₇Si 1920.14. found 1921.0; No ¹H NMR available.

Compound 7m. 84% yield from 3-aminoquinoline and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₈H₁₁₅N₇O₂₇Si 1971.18. found 1972.0

Compound 7n. 88% yield from cyclohexylamine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₅H₁₂₀N₆O₂₇Si 1926.19. found 1927.0

Compound 7o. 92% yield from 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₆H₁₁₇N₇O₂₇Si 1949.18. found 1950.3

Compound 7p. 74% yield from n-phenethylamine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₇H₁₁₈N₆O₂₇Si 1948.19. found 1949.1

Compound 7q was prepared from benzylamine and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7r was prepared from 3-aminophenol and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7s was prepared from N-2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-(aminomethyl)pyridine and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7t was prepared from N-2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-(aminomethyl)pyridine and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7u. 90% yield from 2-aminopyridine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₄H₁₁₃N₇O₂₇Si 1921.13. found 1921.0

Compound 7v was prepared from 3,3-dimethylaminopropane and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7w was prepared from 1-amino-3-hydroxyadamantane and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7x. 85% yield from n-phenpropylamine and compound 6 using the general procedure above; ESI m/z C₁₀₈H₁₂₀N₆O₂₇Si 1962.22. found 1963.3

Compound 7y was prepared from 1-amino-2-(2,4-dimethoxyphen-1-yl)ethane and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7z was prepared from n-phenbutylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7aa was prepared from (4-phenyl)phenethylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ab was prepared from 1-amino-2-(norborn-2-yl)ethane and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ac was prepared from 2-aminonapthylene and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ad was prepared from the amino-substituted cholesterol and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ae was prepared from 2-(2-Amino-ethyl)-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione and compounds 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7af was prepared from 2-(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ag was prepared from Phenethyl-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ah was prepared from 2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ai was prepared from dioctylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7aj was prepared from 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Compound 7ak was prepared from 2-(napthyl)ethylamine and compound 6 and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Example 7 General Procedure for Debenzoylation

Compound R¹ R² 8a H

8b H

8c H

8d H

8e H

8f H

8g Me Me 8h

8i

8l H

8m H

8n H

8o H

8p H

8q H

8r H

8s H

8t H

8u H

8v H

8w H

8x H

8y H

8z H

8aa H

8ab H

8ac H

8ad H

8ae H

8af H

8ag

8ah H

8ai

8aj H

8ak H

The ester was treated with a catalytic amount of NaOMe in MeOH (1:1, 2 mL, pH 9-10) and stirred at room temperature for overnight. The solution was cooled down to −78° C. and dry ice was added, solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was taken in CH₂Cl₂ and filtered over Celite. After removal of the solvent under vacuum the solid was purified by silica gel flash chromatography.

Compound 8a. 95% yield from compound 7a following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+8.9° (c 1.4, MeOH); R_(f) 0.2 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₈₃H₁₀₁N₇O₂₄Si 1607.67. found 1630.8 (M+Na);

Compound 8b. 95% yield from compound 7b following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+10.3° (c 1.1, MeOH); R_(f) 0.1 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₈₄H₁₀₃N₇O₂₄Si 1621.68. found 1644.8 (M+Na);

Compound 8c. 95% yield from compound 7c following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; R_(f) 0.1 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂).

Compound 8d. 95% yield from compound 7d following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; R_(f) 0.1 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂);

Compound 8e. 95% yield from compound 7e following the general procedure (the benzylidene and the TBS were removed during the reductive amination); silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+7.3° (c 1.6, MeOH); R_(f) 0.2 (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); ESI m/z C₇₃H₈₆N₈O₂₄Si 1458.58. found 1459.7;

Compound 8f. 95% yield from compound 7f following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+11.3° (c 0.8), MeOH)R_(f) 0.1 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂). ESI m/z C₇₃H₈₈N₆O₂₄Si 1432.59. found 1433.4;

Compound 8g. 95% yield from compound 7g following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+11.6° (c 1.1, MeOH); R_(f) 0.4 (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂);

Compound 8i. 95% yield from compound 9i following the general procedure; silica gel flash chromatography eluent: 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂; [α]_(D)+17.6° (c 0.4, MeOH)R_(f) 0.3 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂). ESI m/z C₉₀H₁₁₂N₇O₂₆Si 1734.74 found 1732.1.

Compound 8l. 82% yield from compound 7l following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₀₂N₆O₂₄Si 1607.82. found 1608.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8m. 79% yield from compound 7m following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₀₃N₇O₂₄Si 1658.87. found 1659.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8n. 80% yield from compound 7n following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₄H₁₀₈N₆O₂₄Si 1613.87. found 1614.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8o. 86% yield from compound 7o following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₅H₁₀₅N₇O₂₄Si 1636.86. found 1637.2; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8p. 82% yield from compound 7p following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₆H₁₀₆N₆O₂₄Si 1635.87. found 1636.0; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8q. 78% yield from compound 7q following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₅H₁₀₄N₆O₂₄Si 1621.85. found 1622.1; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8r. 78% yield from compound 7r following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₄H₁₀₂N₆O₂₅Si 1623.82. found 1623.8; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8s. 81% yield from compound 7s following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₉H₁₁₂N₈O₂₆Si 1737.97. found 1738.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8t. 86% yield from compound 7t following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₉H₁₁₂N₈O₂₆Si 1737.97. found 1738.2; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8u. 85% yield from compound 7u following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₃H₁₀₁N₇O₂₄Si 1608.81. found 1608.8; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8v. 72% yield from compound 7v following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₄H₁₁₀N₆O₂₄Si 1615.88. found 1615.8; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8w. 91% yield from compound 7w following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₈H₁₁₂N₆O₂₅Si 1681.94. found 1681.6; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8x. 90% yield from compound 7x following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₀₈N₆O₂₄Si 1649.90. found 1671.9 (M+Na); ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8y. 84% yield from compound 7y following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₈H₁₁₀N₆O₂₆Si 1695.93. found 1695.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8z. 95% yield from compound 7z following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₈H₁₁₀N₆O₂₄Si 1663.93. found 1686.1 (M+Na); ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8aa. 81% yield from compound 7aa following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₉₂H₁₁₀N₆O₂₄Si 1711.97. found 1711.9; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ab. 73% yield from compound 7ab following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₁₂N₆O₂₄Si 1652.75. found 1653.7; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ac. 80% yield from compound 7ac following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₈H₁₀₈N₆O₂₄Si 1661.91. found 1661.6; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ad. 87% yield from compound 7ad following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₁₀₅H₁₄₄N₆O₂₄Si 1902.38. found 1902.2; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ae. 70% yield from compound 7e following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₉₂H₁₀₇N₇O₂₆Si 1754.95. found 1755.7; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8af. 85% yield from compound 7af following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₈H₁₀₄F₆N₆O₂₄Si 1771.87. found 1771.5; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ag. 88% yield from compound 7ag following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₉₅H₁₁₆N₆O₂₄Si 1754.05. found 1756.4; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ah. 94% yield from compound 7ah following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₀₅F₃N₆O₂₄Si 1703.87. found 1703.5; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ai. 95% yield from compound 7ai following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₉₄H₁₃₀N₆O₂₄Si 1756.15. found 1756.3; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8aj. 83% yield from compound 7aj following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₈₇H₁₀₈N₆O₂₅Si 1665.9. found 1665.6; ¹H NMR was taken and is consistent with the structure.

Compound 8ak was prepared from compound 7ak following the general procedure and was subsequently taken on directly to the next step without further characterization.

Example 8 General Procedure for Final Deprotection

Compound R¹ R² 9a H

9b H

9c H

9d H

9e H

9f H H 9g Me Me 9h

9i

9j H

9k H

9l H

9m H

9n H

9o H

9p H

9q H

9r H

9s H

9t H

9u H

9v H

9w H

9x H

9y H

9z H

9aa H

9ab H

9ac H

9ad H

9ae H

9af H

9ag

9ah H

9ai

9aj H

9ak H

The appropriate substrate was dissolved in 80% aqueous acetic acid (3 mL) and heated at 60° C. for 3 hours The solution was cooled down to room temperature and a catalytic amount of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon was added and the suspension was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen (hydrogen balloon) until the conversion of the starting material into the product was completed as indicated by MS analysis. The mixture was filtered through a layer of Celite on cotton, concentrated under vacuum, washed with CH₂Cl₂ and lyophilized to afford floppy white solids.

Compound 9a. Quantitative yield from compound 8a following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+6.8° (c 0.4, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.00-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.40 (m, 2H), 5.70 (m, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 5.11 (m, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.85-3.50 (m, 13H), 3.40-3.15 (m, 8H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.79 (s, 18H), 1.70 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 181.4, 132.3, 131.6, 129.5, 129.2, 128.7, 127.1, 126.8, 108.8, 96.2, 95.3, 85.3, 81.6, 81.0, 78.0, 74.1, 73.1, 70.7, 69.6, 69.3, 68.0, 67.7, 60.7, 60.3, 54.2, 51.5, 50.3, 49.2, 43.0, 40.7, 29.2, 23.5; ESI m/z C₃₀H₅₃N₇O₁₄ 735.37. found 736.5;

Compound 9b. Quantitative yield from compound 8b following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+5.4° (c 0.6, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.70-7.30 (m, 4H), 5.71 (m, 1H), 5.38 (m, 1H), 5.16 (m, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.95-3.50 (m, 15H), 3.45-3.15 (m, 8H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 1.81 (s, 18H), 1.65-1.40 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 181.4, 150.5, 140.0, 133.9, 132.8, 129.8, 129.1, 128.9, 128.2, 125.5, 109.0, 96.6, 95.7, 85.7, 81.4, 78.5, 74.3, 73.7, 71.1, 69.9, 68.5, 68.1, 61.0, 60.1, 54.6, 51.6, 50.8, 49.6, 46.6, 41.1, 31.8, 29.7, 23.5; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₅N₇O₁₄ 749.38. found 750.4;

Compound 9c. Quantitative yield from compound 8c following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+5.7° (c 0.4, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.72 (m, 1H), 5.44 (m, 1H), 5.21 (m, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.95-3.50 (m, 13H), 3.45-2.7 (m, 14H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.87 (s, 21H), 1.59 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 182.2, 108.9, 96.8, 96.0, 86.0, 81.8, 79.8, 74.5, 74.3, 71.3, 71.2, 70.1, 68.6, 68.2, 67.5, 61.0, 54.8, 51.8, 51.1, 50.3, 49.8, 48.8, 45.5, 43.7, 41.1, 37.3, 31.1, 27.4, 24.5, 24; ESI m/z C₂₈H₅₇N₇O₁₄ 715.40. found 716.4;

Compound 9d. Quantitative yield from compound 8d following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+8.1° (c 0.6, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.75 (m, 1H), 5.44 (m, 1H), 5.20 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.85-3.50 (m, 13H), 3.40-3.15 (m, 8H), 3.00-2.55 (m, 4H) 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.91 (s, 21H), 1.63 (m, 1H); ESI m/z C₂₇H₅₅N₇O₁₄ 701.38. found 702.6;

Compound 9e. Quantitative yield from compound 8e following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+8.6° (c 0.7, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.80-7.40 (m, 4H), 5.81 (m, 1H), 5.44 (m, 1H), 5.24 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.10 (m, 4H), 3.95-3.50 (m, 14H), 3.45-3.15 (m, 8H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 1.91 (s, 18H), 1.61 (m, 1H); ESI m/z C₃₃H₅₆N₈O₁₄ 788.39. found 789.5;

Compound 9f. Quantitative yield from compound 8f following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+10.6° (c 0.7, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.78 (m, 1H), 5.46 (m, 1H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 6H, 3.95-3.50 (m, 14H), 3.45-3.00 (m, 6H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.91 (s, 21H), 1.71 (m, 1H); ESI m/z C₂₅H₅₀N₆O₁₄ 658.33. found 659.4;

Compound 9g. Quantitative yield from compound 8g following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+7.3° (c 0.6, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.76 (m, 1H), 5.46 (m, 1H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.04 (m, 5H, 3.90-3.50 (m, 14H), 3.45-3.20 (m, 6H), 2.9 (s, 6H) 2.33 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 18H), 1.70 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 182.0, 108.8, 96.7, 95.6, 85.8, 81.4, 81.2, 78.9, 74.3, 74.2, 73.9, 71.2, 69.9, 69.8, 68.5, 68.0, 64.9, 60.9, 59.9, 57.5, 54.7, 51.7, 50.9, 49.6, 43.6 (2C), 41.1, 30.2, 23.9; ESI m/z C₂₇H₅₄N₆O₁₄ 686.4. found 687.4;

Compound 9h. Quantitative yield from compound 8h following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+21.5° (c 0.6, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.16 (m, 1H), 5.08 (m, 1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 5H, 3.95-3.40 (m, 14H), 3.45-3.15 (m, 6H), 2.58 (m, 8H) 2.18 (m, 1H), 1.92 (s, 24H), 1.30 (m, 1H); ESI m/z C₂₉H₆₀N₈O₁₄ 744.42. found 745.6;

Compound 9i. Quantitative yield from compound 8i following the general procedure; [α]_(D)+14.5° (c 0.7, H₂O); NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.70 (m, 1H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 5.12 (m, 1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 5H, 3.95-3.40 (m, 14H), 3.45-3.05 (m, 10H), 2.68 (m, 4H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.87 (s, 21H), 1.62 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 181.6, 108.9, 96.6, 95.9, 87.5, 81.9, 81.6, 78.5, 74.6, 74.5, 73.7, 71.2, 70.0, 69.8, 68.5, 68.1, 68.0, 61.0, 60.6, 57.2, 54.7, 51.8, 51.1, 50.8, 50.2 (2), 49.7, 43.6 (2C), 41.1, 31.1, 23.6; ESI m/z C₂₉H₅₈N₇O₁₄ 728.40. found 728.3;

Compound 9j. Prepared by extened hydrogenation via 9a. quantitative; [α]_(D)+7.8° (c 1.0, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.66 (m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 5.11 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 5H, 3.95-3.50 (m, 14H), 3.40-2.95 (m, 11H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.1-1.9 (m, 4H) 1.79 (s, 18H), 1.70 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 181.0, 108.9, 96.6, 95.7, 90.9, 85.5, 81.5, 77.7, 74.5, 74.3, 73.3, 71.1, 69.9, 69.5, 68.4, 68.3, 68.0, 61.0, 54.5, 52.4, 51.5, 50.6, 49.4, 44.7, 44.2, 41.0, 40.1, 34.5, 28.9, 23.3 20.9, 20.2; ESI m/z C₃₀H₅₉N₇O₁₄ 741.41. found 742.7;

Compound 9k. Prepared by extened hydrogenation via 9b. quantitative; [α]_(D)+12.4° (c 1.1, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ, 5.67 (m, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 5.25 (m, 1H), 4.48 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 5H), 3.95-3.30 (m, 18H), 3.30-3.00 (m, 12H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.81 (s, 21H), 1.62 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 180.3, 108.5, 96.2, 95.2, 85.0, 81.1, 80.8, 77.2, 74.1 (2C), 72.9, 70.7, 69.4, 69.1, 67.9, 67.5, 60.5, 60.1, 54.1, 51.1, 50.3, 50.2, 49.1, 48.9, 46.1, 44.2, 44.1, 40.6, 30.3, 28.6, 22.75, 22.1, 21.4, 18.2; ESI m/z C₃₁H₆₁N₇O₁₄ 755.42. found 756.7.

Compound 9l. 80% yield from compound 8l following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₄N₆O₁₄ 734.79. found 735.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9m. 85% yield from compound 8m following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₄H₅₅N₇O₁₄ 785.84. found 786.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9n. 85% yield from compound 8n following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₆₀N₆O₁₄ 740.84. found 741.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9o. 85% yield from compound 8o following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₂H₅₇N₇O₁₄ 763.83. found 764.7; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9p. 80% yield from compound 8p following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₃H₅₈N₆O₁₄ 762.85. found 763.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9q. 85% yield from compound 8q following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₂H₅₆N₆O₁₄ 748.82. found 749.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9r. 85% yield from compound 8r following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₄N₆O₁₅ 750.79. found 751.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9s. 60% yield from compound 8s following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₆N₈O₁₄ 764.82. found 765.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9t. 65% yield from compound 8t following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₆N₈O₁₄ 764.82. found 765.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9u. 75% yield from compound 8u following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₀H₅₃N₇O₁₄ 735.78. found 736.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9v. 80% yield from compound 8v following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₁H₆₂N₆O₁₄ 742.86. found 743.4; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9w. 80% yield from compound 8w following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₆₄N₆O₁₅ 808.91. found 809.4; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9x. 90% yield from compound 8x following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₄H₆₀N₆O₁₄ 776.87. found 777.6; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9y. 90% yield from compound 8y following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₆₂N₆O₁₆ 822.90. found 823.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9z. 90% yield from compound 8z following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₆₂N₆O₁₄ 790.90. found 791.7; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9aa. 85% yield from compound 8aa following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₉H₆₂N₆O₁₄ 838.94. found 839.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ab. 80% yield from compound 8ab following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₄H₆₄N₆O₁₄ 780.90. found 781.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ac. 90% yield from compound 8ac following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₆₀N₆O₁₄ 788.88. found 789.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ad. 80% yield from compound 8ad following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₅₂H₉₆N₆O₁₄ 1029.35. found 1029.7; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ae. 75% yield from compound 8ae following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₉H₅₉N₇O₁₆ 881.92. found 882.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9af. 90% yield from compound 8af following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₅₆F₆N₆O₁₄ 898.84. found 899.4; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ag. 90% yield from compound 8ag following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₄₈H₆₈N₆O₁₄ 881.02. found 883.8; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ah. 85% yield from compound 8ah following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₄H₅₇F₃N₆O₁₄ 830.84. found 831.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ai. 80% yield from compound 8ai following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₄₁H₈₂N₆O₁₄ 883.12. found 883.9; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9aj. 90% yield from compound 8aj following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₄H₆₀N₆O₁₅ 792.87. found 793.7; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 9ak was prepared from compound 8ak following the general procedure.

Example 9 Preparation of Compounds 10 and 11

Compound 7p is treated with the appropriate acyl chloride (1.2 equiv) and then deprotected according to the general procedure to give 10 (benzoyl chloride) and 11 (acetyl chloride).

Compound 10. 75% yield from compound 7p and benzoyl chloride following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₄₀H₆₂N₆O₁₅ 866.97. found 867.5; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 11. 80% yield from compound 7p and acetyl chloride following the general procedure; ESI m/z C₃₅H₆₀N₆O₁₅ 804.88. found 806.3; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Example 10 Preparation of C2″-Alkoxy Ether Paromomycin

Compound 6 is treated with 5-10 equivalents of sodium borohydride in methanol, and then deprotected according to the general procedure to give compound 12a.

Compound 12a. 80% yield; ESI m/z C₂₅H₄₉N₅O₁₅ 659.68. found 660.51; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 12b was prepared according to the above reaction scheme. Reduction of 6 led to the first intermediate. Standard alkylation of the first intermediate with cinnamyl bromide gave the expected second intermediate, which upon deprotection afforded 12b in which the phenyl ring had undergone overreduction to a cyclohexyl moiety.

Example 11 Preparation of Compound 13

Compound 6 is treated with 1-2 equivalents of phenylmagnesiumbromide or diphenyl zinc in THF, and then deprotected according to the general procedure to give compound 13.

Compound 13. 65% yield; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₃N₅O₁₅ 735.78. found 736.8; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Example 12 Preparation of 2″-Alkyl/Aryl Ether Paromomycin

Compound 3 (2.10 g, 1.411 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (70 mL) and phenethyl chloride (10 equiv) was added followed by the dropwise addition of 0.5 M KHMDS solution in toluene (1.411 mL, 0.706 mmol). The mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature, and then deprotected according to the general procedures to provide phenethyl ether 14a.

Compound 14a. 85% yield; ESI m/z C₃₁H₅₃N₅O₁₄ 719.78. found 720.9; ¹H NMR is consistent with the structure.

Compound 14b was prepared according to the above reaction scheme. Direct alkylation of Compound 3 with cinnamyl bromide in the presence of KHMDS and Bu₄NI at 0° C. gave the intermediate product in 70% yield. Alternatively, the intermediate product could also be obtained by performing a cross-metathesis reaction of Compound 4 with styrene in the presence of the Grubbs second generation catalyst in 75% yield (see Scholl, M.; Ding, S.; Lee, C. W.; Grubbs, R. H. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 953). Cleavage of the benzylidene acetal as well as the OTBS ether followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis gave Compound 14b.

Compound 14c was prepared according to the above reaction scheme. A Wittig reaction of 6 gave the intermediate as a mixture of isomeric olefins. Deprotection and hydrogenation afforded the 5-phenylpentyl ether analogue 14c.

Example 13 Preparation of N-Protected Paromomycin

The exocyclic amino groups of Paromomycin were converted into the corresponding azido groups according to the procedure of Wong (Greenberg, W. A.; Priestley, E. S.; Sears, P. S.; Alper, P. B.; Rosenbohm, C. et al. Design and Synthesis of New Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Containing Neamine as an Optimal Core Structure: Correlation of Antibiotic Activity with in Vitro Inhibition of Translation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6527-6541) using paromomycin instead of neomycin.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 1.36 (q, J=12 Hz, 1H), δ 1.99-2.06 (m, 1H) δ 3.37-3.73 (m, 1H) δ 2.97-3.02 (m, 1H), δ 3.19-3.27 (m, 1H), δ 3.37-3.73 (m, 15H), δ 3.88-3.95 (m, 2H), δ 4.16-4.25 (m, 2H), δ 4.44 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H) δ 4.75 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), δ 4.93 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), δ 5.03 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), δ 5.15 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H) δ 5.22 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), δ 5.28 (s, 1H), δ 5.39 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), δ 5.59 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), δ 5.67 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR δ 106.97, 97.64, 95.89, 83.22, 81.67, 75.60, 74.66, 74.13, 72.98, 72.80, 70.30, 70.00, 69.81, 66.99, 63.0261.50, 60.40, 59.85, 59.66, 59.21, 50.77, 31.46 LCMS m/z 768.0 (M+Na), (>99% purity).

Example 14 Selective Protection of the 6′-Position with Tips

To an oven dried 50.0 mL bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer was added per-azidoparomomycin from the above reaction (2.63 g, 3.5 mmol), 4-DMAP (1.25 g, 10.2 mmol) and anhydrous DMF (28.0 mL). The resulting clear solution was cooled to 0° C. in ice-bath while stirring under nitrogen. Triisopropylsilylchloride (0.89 mL, 42.3 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirred reaction mixture via syringe. The reaction was continued stirred for two hours maintaining the temperature at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between ethyl acetate and 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with saturated brine solution and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness to afforded clear oil. The product was obtained after purification by flash chromatography (1.57 g, 50% yield) using gradients of CHCl₃/MeOH (97:3).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 1.36 (q, J=12 Hz, 1H), δ 1.90-1.22 (m, 21H) δ 2.06-2.10 (m, 1H) δ 2.97-3.03 (m, 7H), δ 3.08-3.98 (m, 13H), δ 4.15 (s, 2H), δ 4.6 (t, J=60.4 Hz, 1H), δ 4.94 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), δ 4.99-5.03 (m, 1H), δ 5.14 (d, J=3.73 Hz, 1H), δ 5.20 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), δ 5.27 (s, 1H), δ 5.44 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), δ 5.59 (d, J=3.90 Hz, 1H), δ 5.68 (d, J=6.2 1H), δ 5.79 (d, J=3.73 Hz. 1H), δ 6.62 (dd, J=5.09, 1.5 Hz, 2H), δ 8.10 (d, J=6.56 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR δ 154.19, 148.11, 108.18, 106.63, 97.56, 95.38, 83.08, 81.62, 75.87, 75.52, 74.00, 73.79, 73.10, 72.76, 70.41, 70.26, 69.76, 66.96, 63.31, 62.91, 62.20, 59.79, 59.58, 59.15, 50.77, 38.64, 31.72, 17.81, 17.79, 11.37, 0.00 LCMS m/z 924 (M+Na), (>99% purity).

Example 15 Benzyl Protection of Hydroxyl Groups

To a 50.0 mL bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer was added the tips protected compound from the previous example (3.77 g, 4.18 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous DMF (20.0 mL). The resulting clear solution was cooled to 0° C. in ice-bath while stirring under nitrogen. 60% NaH (2.34 g, 58.5 mmol) was then added slowly and stirred for 20 minutes. BnBr (4.97 mL, 41.87 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirred reaction mixture via syringe. Temperature of 0° C. was maintained for 1 h followed by 3h at room temperature. The reaction was then cooled at 0° C. and quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution (2.0 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between DCM and 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with saturated brine solution and dried over Na₂SO₄, filter and evaporated to dryness to afforded clear oil which was purified by silica gel chromatography using gradients of Hexane/EtOA (9:1) to afford the title compound (6.02 g, 93% yield) which was used as is in the next step.

Example 16 Selective Deprotection of the 6′-Position of Perbenzylated 6′-O-Tips-Perazido-Paromomycin and Oxidation to the Aldehyde

To a 50.0 mL bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer was added the benzyl protected 6′-O-Tips-perazidoparomomycin (6.0 g, 3.92 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL). The resulting clear solution was cooled to 0° C. in ice-bath while stirring under nitrogen. 1.0M TBAF•THF (8.63 mL, 7.84 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirred reaction mixture via syringe and the reaction was then allowed to proceed at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH₄CO₃ solution (30.0 mL), extracted with EtOAc and evaporated to dryness to afforded the product as a yellow oil which could be purified by silica gel chromatography using gradients of Hexane/EtOA (8:2) to afforded the title compound (5.4 g, 83% yield) as a white foam. This product (470 mg) was treated with IBX in DMSO (1.2 mL) and THF (1.0 mL) at room temperature for 2.5 hours. At that time, DCM (15 mL) and H₂O (10 mL) were added and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted twice more (15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give crude product which could be purified by silica gel chromatography using gradients of Hexane/EtOA (7:3) to afford the title compound (409 mg, 50% yield).

General Procedure for Reductive Amination and Deprotection

The crude aldehyde (36:moles) was dissolved in dry MeOH (2 mL) and dry THF (1 mL). To this solution was added the appropriate amine (5 equivalents) in MeOH (2 mL) with the pH adjusted to 5 with AcOH. NaCNBH₃ (4 equivalents) was then added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 16 hours, at which time the reaction was quenched with NaHCO₃. The reaction was evaporated to dryness, and then the crude mixture was partitioned between DCM and 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with saturated brine solution and dried over Na₂SO₄, filter and evaporated to dryness to afforded clear oil which was purified by silica gel chromatography using gradients of DCM:MeOH (96:4) to afford the protected amine, which was used as is in the next step. To the protected amine was added 2 mL of EtOH, Raney nickel (25-50 mg) and hydrazine (7-14 equivalents). After the reaction had gone to completion as determined by LCMS, the reaction was filtered and evaporated to give the crude perbenzylated product. This was treated with hydrogen (1 atm), palladium (II) hydroxide (2.5 mg) in AcOH (1 mL) and THF (1 mL) to give, after 24 hours, the title compound 15 after lyophilization.

Example 18 Preparation of Compound 15a

Using 4M dimethylamine in methanol in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 643 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(CH₃)₂, see Example 17.

Example 19 Preparation of Compound 15b

Using 1,3-diaminopropane in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 672 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)(CH₂)₃NH₂ see Example 17.

Example 20 Preparation of Compound 15c

Using morpholine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 685 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 21 Preparation of Compound 15d

Using N-Boc-hydrazine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 730 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)N(H)—BOC, see Example 17.

Example 22 Preparation of Compound 15e

Using 2.0 M methylamine in methanol in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 629 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)CH₃, see Example 17.

Example 23 Preparation of Compound 15f

Using 1,4-diaminobutane in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 686 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)(CH₂)₄NH₂ see Example 17.

Example 24 Preparation of Compound 15g

Using p-Methylphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 733 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 25 Preparation of Compound 15h

Using isopropylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 657 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)C(H)(CH₃)₂, see Example 17.

Example 26 Preparation of Compound 15i

Using hydrazine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. This compound can also be prepared from the protected hydrazinyl compound of Example 21. LCMS m/z 630 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)NH₂, see Example 17.

Example 27 Preparation of Compound 15j

Using phenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 719 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)(CH₂)₂Ph, see Example 17.

Example 28 Preparation of Compound 15k

Using N-methyl-phenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 733 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(CH₃)(CH₂)₂Ph, see Example 17.

Example 29 Preparation of Compound 15l

Using phenpropylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 733 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)(CH₂)₃Ph, see Example 17.

Example 30 Preparation of Compound 15m

Using p-cyclohexenyl phenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 801 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 31 Preparation of Compound 15n

Using o-methoxyphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 749 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the R=

see Example 17.

Example 32 Preparation of Compound 15o

Using p-fluorophenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 737 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 33 Preparation of Compound 15p

Using β-methylphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 733 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(H)C(H)(CH₃)CH₂Ph, see Example 17.

Example 34 Preparation of Compound 15q

Using p-(trifluoromethyl)phenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 787 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent

with R=

see Example 17.

Example 35 Preparation of Compound 15r

Using p-methoxyphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 749 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 36 Preparation of Compound 15s

Using indoline in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 723 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 37 Preparation of Compound 15t

Using β-hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 749 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R═N(CH₃)C(H)(OH)(CH₂)Ph, see Example 17.

Example 38 Preparation of Compound 15u

Using m-(trifluoromethyl)phenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 787 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 39 Preparation of Compound 15v

Using m-methoxyphenethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 749 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 40 Preparation of Compound 15w

Using tryptamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 766 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 41 Preparation of Compound 15x

Using 1-napthylethylamine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 773 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the

R=

see Example 17.

Example 42 Preparation of Compound 15y

Using 4-(aminoethyl)pyridine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 726 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 43 Preparation of Compound 15z

Using 3-(aminoethyl)pyridine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 726 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the structure. R=

see Example 17.

Example 44 Preparation of Compound 15aa

Using 2-(aminoethyl)pyridine in the general procedure above gave the title compound. LCMS m/z 726 (M+H), (>95% purity). ¹H NMR was consistent with the

see Example 17.

Example 45 Synthesis of Compound 16 Synthesis of Compound 16a

To a stirred solution of Compound 2 (1.35 g, 0.98 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was added 2,4,6-collidine (1.07 g, 8.82 mmol) and TBDMSOTf (1.811 g, 6.86 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. A few drops of water was added to quench the excess TBSOTf, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent to give the corresponding crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 16a (1.048 g, 55%).

[α]_(D)=+16° (c 0.6, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₁₀₀H₁₄₉N₅O₂₄Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1944.94. found 1946.

Synthesis of Compound 16b

To a stirred solution of Compound 16a (330 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (8 mg) at 0° C. with stirring continued for an additional 6 hours at 0° C. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent yielded the corresponding crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to yield the Compound 16b (180 mg, 58%) and 120 mg (36%) of Compound 16a was also recovered.

[α]_(D)=+18° (c 0.5, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₃H₁₄₁N₅O₂₃Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1836.89. found 1837.6

Synthesis of 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (16c)

To a stirred solution of Compound 16b (190 mg, 0.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added 0.7 mL of aqueous LiOH (9 mg, 0.21 mmol) with stirring continued for an additional 3 hours at room temperature. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution was added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent yielded the corresponding crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to Compound 16c (100 mg, 53%) and 50 mg (26%) of Compound 16b was also recovered.

[α]_(D)=+13° (c 0.3, CHCl₃), ESI/MS calcd for C₉₂H₁₄₃N₅O₂₂Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1810.91. found 1811.3.

Synthesis of 4′,6′-O-Benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba paromomycin (16d)

To a stirred solution of benzyloxy 4-hydroxy aminobutric acid (27 mg, 0.11 mmol), N-Hydroxy succinimide (12 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added DCC (22 mg, 0.11 mmol) with stirring continued for an additional 1 hour at room temperature. To this reaction mixture the free amine, Compound 16c (95 mg, 0.053 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) and triethyl amine (15 μL, 0.11 mmol) was added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by purification by flash column chromatography gave Compound 16d (80 mg, 74%).

[α]_(D)=+19° (c 0.4, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba paromomycin (16e)

Compound 16d (90 mg, 0.044 mmol) was dissolved in dry pyridine (2 mL), HF.Py (2 mL) was added at 0° C., the reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate followed by washing with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 16e (50 mg, 77%).

[α]_(D)=+20° (c 0.6, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₇₄H₈₆N₆O₂₆ (M+H⁺); 1475.56. found 1475.7.

Synthesis of Compound 16

To a solution of Compound 16e (270 mg, 0.183 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was added acetic anhydride (1 mL) with stirring maintained for 24 hours at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and the precipitated product was filtered. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated CuSO₄, brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic layer was combined with the precipitated product and evaporated to provide the crude material, which yielded Compound 16 (300 mg, 93%) after column chromatography.

[α]_(D)=+7.5° (c 0.2, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for (M+H⁺) 1768.63. found 1769.8.

Example 46 Synthesis of Compound 17

Compound 16 (300 mg, 0.17 mmol) was stirred in 20 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) at room temperature for 4 days. Water was added and the precipitated product was filtered. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic layer was combined with the precipitated product and evaporated to yield the crude material, which yielded Compound 17 (280 mg, 98%) after column chromatography.

[α]_(D)=+10.7° (c 0.3, CHCl₃). HRMS calcd for (M+H⁺) 1681.60911. found 1681.60830.

Example 47 Synthesis of Compound 18

To a solution of Compound 17 (290 mg, 0.17 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was added TsCl (36 mg, 0.19 mmol), DMAP (5 mg, 0.041 mmol) with stirring maintained for 12 hours at room temperature. An additional 1.1 equivalent of TsCl (36 mg, 0.19 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for additional 8 hours at room temperature. Water was added and the precipitated product was filtered. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic layer was combined with the precipitated product and evaporated to yield the crude material. Compound 18 (300 mg, 96%) was obtained after column chromatography.

[α]_(D)=+14.8° (c 0.25, CHCl₃). HRMS calcd for C₈₈H₁₀₂N₆O₃₅S (M+H⁺) 1835.61796. found 1835.61976.

Example 48 Synthesis of Compound 19

To a solution of Compound 18 (320 mg, 0.175 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added NaN₃ (113 mg, 1.74 mmol) with stirring maintained for 24 hours 70° C. Water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate followed by washing with water and then brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure. Compound 19 (252 mg, 84%) was obtained following column chromatography.

[α]_(D)=+11.3° (c 0.3, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₁H₉₅N₉O₃₂ (M+H⁺) 1705.61. found 1707.0.

Example 49 Synthesis of Compound 20

Very small piece of sodium was added into methanol (10 mL) and pH was adjusted to 10. This solution was transferred to Compound 19 in methanol (1 mL) and stirred overnight (12 hours). Dry ice was added to quench the reaction followed by evaporation of the methanol. The resultant crude material was purified by column chromatography to yield Compound 20 (52 mg, 66%).

[α]_(C)=+16° (c 0.15, CHCl₃). HRMS calcd for C₆₇H₈₁N₉O₂₅ (M+H⁺) 1412.54164. found 1412.53764.

Example 50 Synthesis of Compound 21

To a solution of Compound 20 (30 mg, 0.021 mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) was added 1M PMe₃ in THF (26 μL, 0.026 mmol) with stirring maintained for 1 hour at room temperature. Water (0.2 mL) was added and stirring was continued for an additional hour. Another 26 μL of PMe₃ (1M in THF) was added and stirred for 12 hours. Evaporation of the reaction mixture followed dissolving in ethyl acetate and washing with water gave the crude product which was pure enough to use in the next step. To this crude amine in dry methanol was added phenylproyl aldehyde (3 mg, 0.022 mmol) and a drop of glacial acetic acid with stirring for 5 minutes followed by addition of 1M NaBH₃CN in THF (42 μL, 0.042 mmol) with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by column purification gave Compound 21 (12 mg, 38%, 2 steps).

[α]_(C)=+16.7° (c 0.15, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₇₆H₉₃N₇O₂₅ (M+H⁺) 1503.62. found 1504.7.

Example 51 Synthesis of Compound 22 (N-1-haba-6′-phenylpropyl neomycin)

To a solution of Compound 21 (11 mg, 0.0073 mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) and 0.5 mL of methanol was added 20% Pd(OH)₂ (22 mg) at room temperature with stirring for 6 hours under an atmosphere of hydrogen(balloon). The material was filtered over celite and lypholized to give Compound 22 as the acetic acid salt (8 mg, 99%).

[α]_(D)=+39.2° (c 0.12, H₂O). NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.28-7.17 (m, 5H), 5.89 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.45-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.1 (br s, 2H), 3.95-3.72 (m, 6H), 3.7-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.4-3.2 (m, 6H), 3.19-3.1 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.94 (m, 4H), 2.6 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.15-1.8 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 175.2, 140.2, 128.4, 128.0, 126.1, 109.9, 95.1, 94.9, 85.3, 80.8, 75.4, 74.6, 73.3, 73.2, 70.5, 69.6, 69.1, 68.8, 67.5, 67.2, 66.9, 59.4, 53.0, 50.4, 48.4, 48.2, 47.8, 47.7, 40.0, 36.2, 31.4, 30.4, 29.5, 26.5. HRMS calcd for C₃₆H₆₃N₇O₁₅ (M+H⁺) 834.44549. found 834.44463.

Example 52 Synthesis of Compound 23

To a solution of Compound 20 (18 mg, 0.0127 mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) and 0.2 mL of methanol was added 20% Pd(OH)₂ (18 mg) at room temperature with stirring maintained for 2 hours under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon). The material was filtered over celite and lypholized to give Compound 23 as the acetic acid salt (13 mg, 95%).

[α]_(D)=+27.4° (c 0.23, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 4.38 (br s, 1H), 4.27 (br s, 1H), 4.17 (br s, 2H), 4.1 (br s, 2H), 3.9-3.75 (m, 6H), 3.69-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.2 (m, 6H), 3.8-3.1 (m, 1H), 3.0 (br s, 2H), 2.18-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.7-1.6 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 175.2, 109.9, 95.1, 94.9, 85.2, 80.8, 75.5, 74.6, 73.3, 73.1, 70.3, 69.7, 69.0, 68.9, 67.6, 67.2, 66.9, 59.4, 53.1, 50.4, 48.4, 48.2, 40.0, 39.7, 36.2, 30.4, 29.5. HRMS calcd for C₂₇H₅₃N₇O₁₅ (M+H⁺) 716.367; 24 found 716.36662.

Example 53 Synthesis of N-1-aloc-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (25)

To a stirred solution of Compound 16c (Example 45, 1.125 g, 0.62 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was added Et₃N (0.11 mL, 1.24 mmol) and alloc-Cl (83 μL, 0.78 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 6 hours. Evaporation of the solvent followed by purification by flash column chromatography yielded Compound 25 (600 mg, 51%).

[α]_(D)=+5.25° (c 0.4, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₆H₁₄₇N₅O₂₄Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1894.93. found 1895.3.

Example 54 Synthesis of N-1-aloc-6-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (26)

To a stirred solution of Compound 25 (558 mg, 0.3 mmol) in dry THF (15 mL) were added 0.5M KHMDS in toluene (0.66 mL, 0.33 mmol) and allyl iodide (0.11 mL, 1.2 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl solution followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography to yield Compound 26 (480 mg, 83%).

[α]_(D)=+10.1 (c 0.6, CHCl₃).

Example 55 Synthesis of 6-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-N-1-haba-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (27)

To a solution of Compound 26 (1.125 g, 0.62 mmol) and morpholine in dry THF (20 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (29 mg, 0.025 mmol) at room temperature with stirring for 3 hours. Evaporation of the solvent yielded the crude free amine and this was used in the next step without purification.

To a solution of benzyloxy 4-hydroxy aminobutric acid (253 mg, 1 mmol), N-hydroxy succinimide (115 mg, 1 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added DCC (201 mg, 1 mmol) with stirring maintained for 2 hours at room temperature. To this reaction mixture the crude free amine (from above) in dry THF (2 mL) and triethyl amine (0.11 mL, 0.76 mmol) was added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by purification by flash column chromatography yielded Compound 27 (160 mg, 31%).

[α]_(D)=+11.0° (c 0.1, CHCl₃).

Example 56 Synthesis of 4′,6′O-benzylidene-N-1-haba-6-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-penta-N-benzloxycarbonyl paromomycin (28a)

Ozone gas was passed through a stirred solution of Compound 27 (78 mg, 0.037 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (3 mL) at −78° C. for 2 hours. Ozone was degassed by passing nitrogen gas for 10 minutes followed by the addition of excess dimethyl sulfide (0.2 mL). This solution was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The solvent was reduced under reduced pressure and the remaining mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material (75 mg). This material was dissolved in McOH. To this reaction mixture phenylethyl amine (10 mg, 0.083 mmol) and one drop of AcOH were added and stirred for 5 minutes. Then NaBH₃CN (5 mg, 0.08 μmol) was added and stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed gave the crude product (58 mg). This material was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL) followed by the addition of HF.Py (1 mL) at 0° C. The reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material and this crude product was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 28a (23 mg, 38%, 3 steps).

[α]_(D)=+15.8° (c 0.3, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₄H₉₉N₇O₂₆ (M+H⁺) 1622.66. found 1623.1.

Example 57 Synthesis of N-1-haba-6-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-paromomycin (29a)

Compound 28a (22 mg, 0.014 mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and then for an additional 6 hours at 55° C. To this reaction mixture 20% Pd(OH)₂ (22 mg) was added and stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) for 3 hours. The mixture was filtered over celite and lypholized to give the pure acetate salt of Compound 29a (14 mg, 81%).

[α]_(D)=+40.33° (c 0.25, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.29-7.20 (m, 5H), 5.65 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 4.39-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.5-4.23 (m, 3H), 4.1-4.0 (m, 2H), 3.9-3.71 (m, 6H), 3.65-3.58 (m, 5H), 3.56-3.23 (m, 12H), 3.01-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.9 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.6 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 176.4, 136.8, 129.9, 129.6, 128.3, 110.9, 96.8, 96.1, 86.0, 81.9, 78.4, 75.9, 74.5, 74.2, 71.0, 70.3, 70.0, 69.6, 68.3, 67.9, 61.0, 60.8, 54.6, 51.6, 50.0, 49.9, 49.7, 49.3, 44.7, 44.1, 37.9, 32.5, 31.6, 30.7. ESI/MS calcd for C₃₇H₆₅N₇O₁₆ (M+H⁺) 864.45. found 864.8.

Example 58 Synthesis of 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-N-1-haba-6-O-(1,3-diaminoethyl)-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (28b)

Ozone gas was passed to a stirred solution of Compound 27 (78 mg, 0.037 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (3 mL) at −78° C. for 2 hours. Ozone was degassed by passing nitrogen gas for 10 minutes. To this solution was added excess dimethyl sulfide (0.2 mL). with stirring for 2 hours at room temperature. Then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the material was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ and brine then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material (75 mg). This material was dissolved in MeOH and NH-Cbz-(CH₂)₂CH₂NH₂ (15 mg, 0.072 mmol) and one drop of AcOH were added with stirring for 5 minutes. NaBH₃CN (5 mg, 0.081 mmol) was added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by usual work up gave the crude product (58 mg). This material was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL) followed by the addition of HF.Py (1 mL) at 0° C. and the reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate followed by washing with brine and the organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material and this crude product was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 28b (20 mg, 31%, 3 steps).

[α]_(D)=+15.2° (c 0.4, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₇H₁₀₄N₈O₂₈ (M+H⁺) 1709.7. found 1710.4.

Example 59 Synthesis of N-1-haba-6-O-(1,3-diaminoethyl) paromomycin (29b)

Compound 28b (20 mg, 0.012 mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours followed by an additional 6 hours at 55° C. To this reaction mixture 20% Pd(OH)₂ (20 mg) was added under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) for 3 hours. The material was filtered over celite and lypholized to give the acetate salt of Compound 29b (13 mg, 87%).

[α]_(D)=+27.33° (c 0.5, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 4.38-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.08 (m, 6H), 3.84-3.75 (m, 8H), 3.67-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.5-3.26 (m, 7H), 3.19-2.93 (m, 6H), 2.08-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 176.4, 110.8, 96.8, 96.3, 85.9, 82.0, 78.5, 76.2, 74.5, 74.4, 74.3, 71.0, 70.3, 70.0, 69.6, 68.3, 68.0, 61.0, 60.9, 54.6, 51.6, 50.1, 49.8, 49.3, 45.8, 44.8, 44.2, 37.4, 37.2, 31.7, 30.7, 24.7. ESI/MS calcd for C₃₂H₆₄N₈O₁₆ (M+H⁺) 817.44. found 817.8.

Example 60 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Aminoglycoside Compounds with Ring IV Removed (30a-c)

Ring IV was eliminated from the common intermediate, Compound 4, using lead tetraacetate (see Hanessian, S.; Takamoto, T. J. Antibiotics, 1974, 46, 4009-4012 and Hanessian S.; Takamoto T.; Masse R.; Patil G. Can. J. Chem. 1978, 56, 1482). Following the procedures illustrated in the previous examples (protection, generation of an aldehyde, reductive amination and deprotection) such as examples 1-8, a wide variety of 2″-modified derivatives can then be prepared. In particular the 2″-substituted derivatives as described in examples 4-8 can be prepared. Three of the derivatives (30a, 30b and 30c) were prepared and have assay data in subsequent examples.

Compound# R¹ R² 30a H H 30b H (CH₂)₃NH₂ 30c H (CH₂)₂Ph

See Example 8 for additional R¹R² groups.

Example 61 5″,6′-O-bis-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy paromomycin (32)

Compound 31 is prepared as per Battistini et al., Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics, IV, 3′,4′-Dideoxyparomomycin and analogs. J. Antibiotics 1982, 35, 98-101. Alternatively, Compound 31 is prepared according to the scheme of this example from Compound 17, then protected with Cbz groups as described in Example 1. To a solution of Compound 31 (272 mg, 0.22 mmol) and imidazole (64 mg, 0.91 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) was added TBSC1 (77 mg, 0.51 mmol) at room temperature with stirring for 24 hours. A few drops of water were added to quench the excess TBSC1 and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to yield Compound 32 (225 mg, 68%).

[α]_(D)=+29° (c 0.7, CHCl₃). HRMS calcd for C₇₅H₁₀₃N₅O₂₂Si₂ (M+H⁺): 1482.67060. found: 1482.66832.

Example 62 2″-O-allyl-5″,6′-O-bis-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy paromomycin (33)

To a stirred solution of Compound 32 (222 mg, 0.15 mmol) and allyl iodide (70 μL, 0.75 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 0.5 M KHMDS in THF (300 μL, 0.15 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. A few drops of saturated NH₄Cl solution were added to quench the reaction and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the corresponding crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 33 (155 mg, 68%).

[α]_(D)=+18.75° (c 0.4, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₇₈H₁₀₇N₅O₂₂Si₂ (M+H⁺): 1522.69. found: 1522.7.

Example 63 2″-O-allyl-tetra-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy paromomycin (34)

To a stirred solution of Compound 33 (800 mg, 0.53 mmol) in dry dichloro-methane (15 mL) was added 2,4,6-collidine (321 mg, 2.65 mmol) and TBSOTf (693 mg, 2.65 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. A few drops of water were added to quench the excess TBSOTf, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to yield Compound 34 (715 mg, 77%).

[α]_(D)=+10.33° (c 0.6, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₀H₁₃₅N₅O₂₂Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1750.87. found: 1751.4.

Example 64 Cyclic Carbamate (35)

To a solution of Compound 34 (692 mg, 0.4 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (19 mg) at 0° C. with stirring continued 6 hours at 0° C. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to yield Compound 35 (323 mg, 49%) and 180 mg (26%) of the starting material Compound 34 was also recovered.

[α]_(D)=+18.33° (c 0.3, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₃H₁₂₇N₅O₂₁Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1642.81. found: 1643.5.

Example 65 2″-O-allyl-tetra-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy paromomycin (36)

To a solution of Compound 35 (350 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added 0.5 mL of aqueous LiOH (18 mg, 0.43 mmol) with stirring continued for 4 hours at room temperature. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 36 (300 mg, 88%).

[α]_(D)=+20.33° (c 0.5, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₂H₁₂₉N₅O₂₀Si₄ (M+H⁺):1616.83. found: 1617.4.

Example 66 2″-O-allyl-tetra-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy-N-1-haba paromomycin (37)

To a solution of benzyloxy 4-hydroxy aminobutric acid (66 mg, 0.26 mmol), N-hydroxy succinimide (121 mg, 1.05 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was added DCC (216 mg, 1.05 mmol) with stirring continued for 1 hour at room temperature. To this reaction mixture the free amine, Compound 36 (340 mg, 0.21 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) and triethyl amine (0.2 mL, 0.42 mmol) were added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent and purification of the residue by flash column chromatography gave Compound 37 (290 mg, 75%).

[α]_(D)=+16.67° (c 0.12, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₄H₁₄₂N₆O₂₄Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1851.91. found: 1852.8.

Example 67 2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3′,4′-dideoxy-N-1-haba paromomycin (38)

Ozone gas was passed through a stirred solution Compound 37 (135 mg, 0.073 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) at −78° C. for 2 hours. Then the excess ozone was degassed by passing nitrogen gas for 10 minutes followed by the addition of excess dimethyl sulfide (0.1 mL). This solution was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting material was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO₃ and brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material (125 mg). This material was dissolved in MeOH and phenyl ethyl amine (16 mg, 0.13 mmol) and one drop of AcOH was added with stirring for 5 minutes. NaBH₃CN (9 mg, 0.15 mmol) was added and stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude product (70 mg). This material was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL) followed by the addition of HF.Py (1 mL) at 0° C. and the reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine and the resulting organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material which was further purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give Compound 38 (33 mg, 30%).

[α]_(D)=+20.7° (c 0.2, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₇₇H₉₅N₇O₂₄ (M+H⁺):1502.64. found: 1504.1.

Example 68 2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-3′,4′-dideoxy-N-1-haba paromomycin (39)

To a stirred solution of Compound 38 (20 mg, 0.013 mmol) in AcOH/water (4:1) mixture was added 20% Pd(OH)₂ (20 mg) and stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen using a hydrogen balloon for 2 hours. Filteration over celite followed by lypholyzation gave Compound 39 (16 mg, quantitative).

[α]_(D)=+33.33° (c 0.15, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.4-7.1 (m, 5H), 5.5 (s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.5-4.4 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.0 (m, 5H), 3.9-3.6 (m, 9H), 3.5-3.1 (m, 12H), 3.0-2.8 (m, 4H), 2.1-1.4 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 175.9, 136.6, 129.4, 129.1, 127.7, 108.6, 95.5, 95.0, 86.0, 81.0, 80.8, 77.5, 74.0, 73.8, 71.1, 70.7, 70.0, 68.0, 67.6, 65.6, 63.6, 59.9, 51.1, 49.7, 49.2, 49.1, 48.8, 47.2, 40.6, 37.0, 31.9, 31.2, 30.32, 24.25, 21.36; ESI/MS calcd for C₃₇H₆₅N₇O₁₄ (M+H⁺): 832.45895. found: 832.46627.

Example 69 2″-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-tetra-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (40)

To a stirred solution of Compound 4a (3.8 g, 2.49 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (80 mL) was added 2,4,6-collidine (1.8 g, 1.97 mmol) and TBSOTf (3.94 g, 14.92 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. A few drops of water were added to quench the excess TBSOTf and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 40 (1.6 g, 35%) and 1 g of (20%) the corresponding fully TBS protected compound.

[α]_(D)=+11.0° (c 1, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₇H₁₃₉N₅O₂₄Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1870.89. found: 1871.6.

Example 70 Synthesis of the Cyclic Carbamate (41)

To a solution of Compound 40 (1.47 g, 0.783 mmol) in dry DMF (20 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (36 mg) at 0° C. with stirring continued for an additional 6 hours at 0° C. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 41 (650 mg, 47%) and 560 mg (38%) of starting material Compound 40 was also recovered. [α]_(D)=+20° (c 1, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₀H₁₃₁N₅O₂₃Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1762.83. found: 1763.2.

Example 71 2″-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-tetra-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (42)

To a solution of Compound 41 (730 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added 1 mL of aqueous LiOH (35 mg, 0.83 mmol) with stirring continued for an additional 6 hours at room temperature. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give Compound 42 (450 mg, 63%) and Compound 41 (264 mg, 36%) was also recovered.

[α]_(D)=+3.77° (c 0.45, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₉H₁₃₃N₅O₂₂Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1736.85. found 1737.2.

Example 72 2″-O-allyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-tetra-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba paromomycin (43)

To a solution of benzyloxy 4-hydroxy aminobutric acid (364 mg, 1.45 mmol) and N-hydroxy succinimide (167 mg, 1.45 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was added DCC (299 mg, 1.45 mmol) with stirring continued for additional 2 hours at room temperature. To this reaction mixture Compound 42 (500 mg, 0.29 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) and triethyl amine (0.2 mL, 1.45 mmol) was added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by purification by flash column chromatography gave Compound 43 (400 mg, 70%).

[α]_(D)=+13.7° (c 0.5, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₁₀₁H₁₄₆N₆O₂₆Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1971.94. found: 1972.7.

Example 73 Synthesis of Aldehyde (44)

Ozone gas was passed through a stirred solution of Compound 43 (400 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) at −78° C. for 2 hours. The excess ozone was degassed by passing nitrogen gas for 10 minutes followed by the addition of excess PPh₃ (210 mg, 0.8 mmol). This solution was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting material was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO₃ and brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material, which was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 44 (270 mg, 67%).

[α]_(D)=+20.7° (c 0.9, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₁₀₀H₁₄₄N₆O₂₇Si₄ (M+H⁺): 1973.92. found: 1974.4.

Example 74 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl paromomycin (45a)

To a stirred solution of Compound 44 (120 mg, 0.061 mmol) was added phenyl ethyl amine (15 mg, 0.12 mmol) and one drop of AcOH with stirring for 5 minutres. NaBH₃CN (8 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added with stirring maintained for an additional 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude product (120 mg). The crude product was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL), HF.Py (1 mL) was added at 0° C. and the reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material which was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 45a (60 mg, 61%).

[α]_(D)=+10.5° (c 0.2, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₄H₉₉N₇O₂₆ (M+H⁺): 1622.66. found: 1623.1.

Example 75 N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl paromomycin (46a)

Compound 45a (30 mg, 0.019 mmol) in 3 mL of acetic acid and water mixture (4:1) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and at 55° C. for an additional 6 hours. To this reaction mixture 20% Pd(OH)₂ (30 mg) was added under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and lypholized to give Compound 46a (21 mg, 91%).

[α]_(D)=+48.5° (c 0.2, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.34-7.18 (m, 5H), 5.7 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 5.1 (s, 1H), 4.5-4.49 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.03 (m, 5H), 3.9-3.76 (m, 9H), 3.66-3.61 (m, 4H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.18 (m, 10H), 3.0-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.1-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.58 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 175.9, 136.6, 129.4, 129.1, 127.8, 108.5, 96.3, 95.0, 86.0, 81.0, 80.7, 77.7, 74.0, 73.6, 70.7, 69.8, 69.5, 69.2, 68.0, 67.6, 65.6, 60.5, 59.4, 54.2, 51.1, 49.5, 49.1, 48.8, 47.3, 40.6, 37.0, 31.9, 31.2, 30.39, HRMS calcd for C₃₇H₆₅N₇O₁₆ (M+H⁺): 864.44878. found: 864.45613.

Example 76 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba-2″-O-(1,3-diamino)ethyl paromomycin (45b)

To a solution of Compound 44 (50 mg, 0.025 mmol) was added N-Cbz-(CH₂)₂CH₂NH₂ (16 mg, 0.12 mmol) followed by one drop of AcOH with stirring for 5 minutes. NaBH₃CN (5 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added with stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude product. The crude product was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL) and HF.Py (1 mL) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material which was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 45b (18 mg, 42%). [α]_(D)=+15.5° (c 0.4, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₇H₁₀₄N₈O₂₈ (M+H⁺): 1709.70. found: 1710.0.

Example 77 N-1-haba-2″-O-(1,3-diamino)ethyl paromomycin (46b)

Compound 45b (18 mg, 0.011 mmol) in 1 mL of acetic acid and water mixture (4:1) was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature followed by an additional 6 hours at 55° C. 20% Pd(OH)₂ (18 mg) was added under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) with stirring for 3 hours. The mixture was filtered through celite and lypholized to give Compound 46b (14 mg, quantitative).

[α]_(D)=+30° (c 0.7, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.7 (s, 1H), 5.4 (s, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.55-4.5 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.01 (m, 6H), 3.9-3.19 (m, 20H), 3.06-2.9 (m, 6H), 2.1-1.55 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 175.2, 107.7, 95.6, 94.2, 85.1, 81.3, 80.3, 79.8, 76.9, 73.3, 72.9, 70.0, 69.1, 68.7, 68.4, 67.2, 66.8, 59.8, 58.7, 53.4, 50.4, 48.7, 48.3, 46.9, 44.2, 42.0, 39.9, 36.3, 36.1, 30.4, 29.5, 23.1; HRMS calcd for C₃₂H₆₄N₈O₁₆ (M+H⁺): 817.44403. found: 817.45229.

Example 78 Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Paromomycin (49)

A solution containing Compound 3 (540 mg, 0.362 mmol) and N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (176 mg, 1.44 mmol) in dry pyridine (20 mL) was treated with benzoyl chloride (0.85 mL, 7.25 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and at 70° C. for an additional 24 hours wherein the reaction was shown to hve gone to completion (tic) with the formation of two products with a 3:1 ratio. Water (1 mL) was added and after standing for 10 minutes, the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc/H₂O, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/hexane) to yield Compound 49 (510 mg, 70%).

[α]_(D)+37.91° (c 1.15, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.43 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); FAB MS calcd for C₁₁₁H₁₁₃N₅O₂₉Si (M+H⁺) 2008.73. found 2008.7. The product with a 3′-OH free was isolated from column with 25% yield (173 mg); [α]_(D)+31.83° (c 1.2, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.29 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); FAB MS calcd for C₁₀₄H₁₀₉N₅O₂₇ (M+H⁺) 1904.64. found 1904.6.

Example 79 Selective Deblocking of the 5″-Position (50)

A solution of Compound 49 (420 mg, 0.209 mmol) in dry THF was treated with AcOH (119.6 uL, 2.09 mmol) and TBAF successively at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and further stirred for 24 hours wherein the reaction had gone to completion. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc/H₂O, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/hexane) to yield Compound 50 (202 mg, 51%).

[α]_(D)+25.16° (c 0.93, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.47 (3:2 EtOAc/hexane); LCMS calcd for C₁₀₅H₉₉N₅O₂₉ (M+H⁺) 1894.93. found 1895.0. The product with 5″-OH and one more additional OH free was isolated from column with 33% yield (125 mg); R_(f) 0.27 (3:2 EtOAc/hexane).

Example 80 Synthesis of 5″-O-Alkyl paromomycin analogues (51)

Compound 50 (120 mg, 0.063 mmol) was co-distilled with toluene twice and dissolved in dry THF (3 mL) in a flask covered with aluminum foil. Allyl iodide (58.2 pt, 0.63 mmol) was added at 0° C. followed by the dropwise addition of 0.5 M KHMDS solution in toluene (152 μL, 0.076 mmol). The mixture mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature by careful monitoring on TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched with an aqueous solution of NH₄C1 (saturated, 0.1 mL) and the solvent was evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with water and the resultant product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (1:2 EtOAc/hexane) to give the allyl ether (71 mg, 58%).

[α]_(D)+39.64° (c 0.84, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.62 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); LCMS calcd for C₁₀₈H₁₀₃N₅O₂₉ (M+H⁺) 1936.54. found 1936.6.

The allyl ether (100 mg, 0.0517 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was cooled at −78° C. and ozone was bubbled through for 2 hours after which argon was bubbled through. The mixture was treated with PPh₃ (40.64 mg, 0.299 mmol), warmed to the room temperature, solvent was removed under vacuum and the crude aldehyde was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/hexane) to give the aldehyde, Compound 51 (60 mg, 60%); R_(f) 0.38 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane).

Example 81 Synthesis of 5″-O-Alkyl paromomycin analogues (52 and 53)

To a mixture Compound 51 (30 mg, 0.0155 mmol) and N,N-dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 80 μL, 0.155 mmol) in dry MeOH (3 mL) was added AcOH (3-4 drops) followed by NaBH₃CN (1.0 M in THF, 0.15 mL, 0.155 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight until disappearance of Compound 51. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and washed with a solution of NaHCO₃ (saturated, 2 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of the solvents, the residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (48:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the fully protected 5″-(2-dimethylamino) ethoxy derivative as white solid (26 mg, 85%).

[α]_(D)+21.97° (c 1.57, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.67 (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); LCMS calcd for C₁₀₉H₁₀₈N₆O₂₉ (M+H⁺) 1966.05. found 1966.4.

A solution of the fully protected 5″-(2-dimethylamino) ethoxy derivative (20 mg, 0.0102 mmol) in dry MeOH (2 mL) was treated with a catalytic amount of NaOMe in dry MeOH (1 mL, pH 8-9) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to completion of reaction. The reaction mixture was neutralized by addition of dry-ice, and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to give Compound 52 (8.8 mg, 60%).

[α]_(D)+18.54° (c 0.44, MeOH); R_(f) 0.32 (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); LCMS calcd for C₇₄H₈₈N₆O₂₄ (M+H⁺) 1445.59. found 1445.9.

The product with 6′″-N methylcarbamate, Compound 53 was isolated from column chromatography with 20% yield (3 mg).

[α]_(D)+15.6° (c 0.3, MeOH); R_(f) 0.32 (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); LCMS calcd for C₇₄H₈₈N₆O₂₄ (M+H⁺) 1368.23. found 1369.3.

Example 82 Synthesis of 5″-O-(2-N,N-dimethylamino ethyl) paromomycin (54), (55)

Compound 52 (6 mg, 0.0041 mmol) was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (4:1, 2 mL) and heated at 60° C. for 2 hours to completion of reaction. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was dissolved in MeOH—H₂O (1:1, 2 mL). 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon was added and the suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight under an atmosphere of hydrogen (hydrogen balloon). The mixture was filtered through a layer of Celite, concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (2:1, 0.5 mL) and lyophilized to afford Compound 54 (4.1 mg, quantitative) as a white solid.

[α]_(D)+33.07° (c 0.26, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.34 (s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 5.0 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.12 (m, 4H), 4.11-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.63 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.21 (m, 8H), 3.13-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.78 (s, 6H), 2.17-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.82 (s, 15H), 1.44-1.37 (m, 1H); LCMS calcd for C₂₇H₅₄N₆O₁₄) 687.37. found 687.6.

Compound 53 was also hydrogenolysed following the above procedure and lyophilized to give Compound 55 (2.3 mg, quantitative).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.36 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 5.0 (s, 1H), 4.35-4.14 (m, 4H), 4.10-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.62-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.22 (m, 8H), 3.15-2.96 (m, 3H), 2.78 (s, 6H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.82 (s, 15H), 1.45-1.38 (m, 1H); LCMS calcd for C₂₉H₅₆N₆O₁₆ (M+H⁺) 745.38. found 745.6.

Example 83 Synthesis of the 5″-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy-6′″-MeO₂CHN intermediate (56)

A mixture of Compound 51 (20 mg, 0.0103 mmol) in dry MeOH (3 mL) was treated with NaBH₃CN (1.0 M in THF, 41.3 μL, 0.0413 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight until disappearance of aldehyde. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and washed with a solution of NaHCO₃ (saturated, 2 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of the solvents, the residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (48:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the 5″-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy derivative as white solid (16 mg, 80%).

[α]_(D)+19.8° (c 0.8, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.30 (1:1 EtOAc/hex); LCMS calcd for C₁₀₇H₁₀₃N₅O₃₀ (M+H⁺) 1939.1. found 1939.2.

A solution of above 5″-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy derivative (16 mg, 0.0082 mmol) in dry MeOH (2 mL) was treated with a catalytic amount of NaOMe in dry MeOH (1 mL, pH 8-9) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to completion of reaction. The reaction mixture was neutralized by addition of dry-ice, and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to give Compound 56 (8 mg, 72%) as a major product.

[α]_(D)+22.0° (c 0.4, MeOH); R_(f) 0.42 (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); LCMS calcd for C₇₄H₈₈N₆O₂₄ (M+Na⁺) 1364.30. found 1364.5.

Example 84 5″-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6′-N-methoxycarbonyl paromomycin (57)

Compound 56 (6 mg, 0.0043 mmol) was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (4:1, 2 mL) and heated at 60° C. for 2 hours to completion of reaction. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was dissolved in MeOH—H₂O (1:1, 2 mL), followed by addition of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon with stirring under an atmosphere of hydrogen (hydrogen balloon). The mixture was filtered through a layer of Celite, concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (2:1, 0.5 mL) and lyophilized to give Compound 57 (4.1 mg, quantitative) as a white solid.

[α]_(D)+36.10° (c 0.20, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 4.30-4.10 (m, 3H), 4.0-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.55 (m, 12H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.40-3.10 (m, 5H), 3.05-2.82 (m, 3H), 2.0-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.74 (s, 12H), 1.35-1.25 (m, 1H); LCMS calcd for C₂₇H₅₁N₅O₁₇ (M+H⁺) 718.33. found 718.5.

Example 85 6′″-N-methoxycarbonyl paromomycin (59)

Following the procedures of the above examples for Compound 57, paromomycin with 6′″-N-methylcarbamate, Compound 59, was prepared for comparison starting from Compound 58. Compound 58 was obtained following the procedure of Example 1 wherein Compound 58 was isolated prior to addition of benzaldehyde.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.56 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 4.27-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.16 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.0 (m, 2H), 3.95-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.40-3.36 (m, 3H), 3.25-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.15-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.75 (s, 12H), 1.54-1.43 (m, 1H); LCMS calcd for C₂₅H₄₇N₅O₁₆ (M+H⁺) 674.30. found 674.5. ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 181.7, 159.7, 110.0, 96.5, 96.2, 85.0, 81.9, 80.2, 76.2, 73.9, 73.7, 73.3, 73.2, 69.0, 69.5, 68.1, 66.6, 60.7, 60.5, 54.3, 52.9, 51.4, 50.4, 49.3, 41.0, 30.6, 23.5.

Example 86 5″-Substituted Partially Protected Paromomycin Analogue (60)

Compound 50 (44 mg, 0.0232 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and cooled at −78° C. Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST, 3.4 μL, 0.0255 mmol) was added dropwise at −78° C., and the reaction mixture was allowed to come slowly to the room temperature and further stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was quenched with a few drops of water at 0° C. and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/hexane) to give the 5″-deoxy fluoro derivative (22 mg, 50%).

[α]_(D)+37.37° (c 0.8, CHCl₃); R_(f) 0.54 (1:1 EtOAc/hexane); ¹⁹F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) Φ 237.4-237.6 (m, F-5); LCMS calcd for C₁₀₅H₉₈FN₅O₂₈ (M+H⁺) 1896.64. found 1896.8.

To a solution of the 5″-deoxy fluoro derivative (18 mg, 0.0095 mmol) in dry MeOH (2 mL) was treated with a catalytic amount of NaOMe in dry MeOH (1 mL, pH 8-9) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to completion of reaction. The reaction mixture was neutralized by addition of dry-ice, and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The crude product which was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to give Compound 60 (12 mg, 92%).

[α]_(D)+18.0° (c 0.6, MeOH); R_(f) 0.47 (1:19 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂); LCMS calcd for C₇₀H₇₈FN₅O₂₃ (M+H⁺) 1376.51. found 1377.0.

Example 87 5″-deoxy-5″-fluoro paromomycin (61)

Compound 60 (12 mg, 0.0087 mmol) was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (4:1, 3 mL) and heated at 60° C. for 2 hours to completion of reaction. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude material was used in the next step for hydrogenolysis without further purification.

LCMS calcd for C₆₃H₇₄FN₅O₂₃ (M+H⁺) 1288.48. found 1288.6.

To a solution of above crude material in MeOH—H₂O (1:1, 2 mL) was added 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon and the suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight under an atmosphere of hydrogen (hydrogen balloon). The mixture was filtered through a layer of Celite, concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in AcOH—H₂O (2:1, 0.5 mL) and lyophilized to give Compound 61 (2.6 mg, 68%) as a white solid.

[α]_(D)+33.07° (c 0.26, H₂O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.57 (s, 1H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.54-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.21 (m, 4H), 4.21-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.07-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.61 (m, 5H), 3.6-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.16 (m, 4H), 2.38-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.82 (s, 15H), 1.70-1.60 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, D₂O) δ 182.1, 111.1, 96.8, 96.3, 85.6, 81.7, 80.4, 75.2, 74.2, 73.9, 73.6, 73.4, 71.0, 70.3, 69.9, 68.5, 68.0, 61.0, 54.7, 51.5, 50.8, 49.7, 41.0, 30.9, 23.9; LCMS calcd for C₂₃H₄₄FN₅O₁₃ (M+H⁺) 618.29. found 618.4.

Example 88 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-penta-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (62)

To a stirred solution of Compound 2 (1.35 g, 0.98 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was added 2,4,6-collidine (1.07 g, 8.82 mmol) and TBDMSOTf (1.811 g, 6.86 mmol) at 0° C. Then the reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. Few drops of water were added to quench the excess TBSOTf and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The corresponding crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give Compound 62 (1.048 g, 55%).

[α]_(D)=+16° (c 0.6, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₁₀₀H₁₄₉N₅O₂₄Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1944.94. found 1946.

Example 89 Synthesis of the Cyclic Arbamate (63)

To a stirred solution of Compound 62 (330 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (8 mg) at 0° C. with stirring continued 6 hours at 0° C. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The corresponding crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give Compound 63 (180 mg, 58%) and 120 mg (36%) of starting material, Compound 62.

[α]_(D)=+18° (c 0.5, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₉₃H₁₄₁N₅O₂₃Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1836.89. found 1837.6

Example 90 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl paromomycin (64)

To a solution of Compound 63 (190 mg, 0.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added 0.7 mL of aqueous LiOH (9 mg, 0.21 mmol) with stirring continued for additional 3 hours at room temperature. A few drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution was added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The corresponding crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give Compound 64 (100 mg, 53%) and 50 mg (26%) of starting material, Compound 63.

[α]_(D)=+13° (c 0.3 CHCl₃) ESI/MS calcd for C₉₂H₁₄₃N₅O₂₂Si₅ (M+H⁺) 1810.91. found 1811.3.

Example 91 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-penta-O-tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba paromomycin (65)

To a stirred solution of benzyloxy 4-hydroxy aminobutric acid (27 mg, 0.11 mmol) and N-hydroxy succinimide (12 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added DCC (22 mg, 0.11 mmol) with stirring continued for 1 hour at room temperature. To this mixture Compound 64 (95 mg, 0.053 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) and triethyl amine (15 μL, 0.11 mmol) was added and stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of the solvent followed by purification by silica gel flash column chromatography gave Compound 65 (80 mg, 74%).

[α]_(D)=+19° (c 0.4, CHCl₃).

Example 92 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-1-haba paromomycin (66)

Compound 65 (90 mg, 0.044 mmol) was dissolved in dry pyridine (2 mL), HF.Py (2 mL) was added at 0° C. and the reaction was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄ Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude material which was purified by column chromatography to give Compound 66 (50 mg, 77%).

[α]_(D)=+20° (c 0.6, CHCl₃). ESI/MS calcd for C₇₄H₈₆N₆O₂₆ (M+H⁺); 1475.56. found 1475.7.

Example 93 N-1-haba paromomycin (67)

Compound 66 (29 mg, 0.019 mmol) was stirred in 4 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) at room temperature for 12 hours and then for an additional 6 hours at 55° C. To this reaction mixture 20% Pd(OH)₂ (29 mg) was added under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) with stirring for 3 hours. The mixture was filtered over celite and lypholized to give the Compound 67 (20 mg, 99%).

[α]_(D)=+14.5° (c 0.2, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 4.61 (bs, 1H), 4.49-3.4 (m, 24H), 2.26-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.8-1.7 (m, 2H); HRMS calcd for C₂₇H₅₂N₆O₁₆ (M+H⁺): 717.34398. found: 717.35175.

Example 94 Synthesis of 2″-O- and 6′-N-Side Chain Paromomycin Analogs

Starting with Compound 68 (the TBDPS protected version of Compound 4 prepared according to Examples 2-3 using TBDPS-OTf instead of TBDMS-OTf), 2″-O- and 6′-N-modified Paromomycin analogs 73 (27-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-6′-phenylpropyl neomycin) and 76 (N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-6′-phenylpropyl neomycin) were prepared with and without the 1-HABA group. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. The synthetic methods illustrated in this example and in combination with other examples, particularly Examples 1-44, enable the preparation of a plurality of diverse di and tri-substituted Paromomycin analogs. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein to enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 95 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 1, 2″ and 5″ Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 1, 2″ and the 5″ positions, such as N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-5″-fluoro paromomycin (Compound 78) and N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-5″-isopropylamino paromomycin (Compound 80), are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 1-13, 61-77, 78-84 and 86-87. Substitution in this pattern without N-1 substitution can be achieved by starting with compounds 8, then removing the TBS group with AcOH, and continuing as shown in this example. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 96 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 1, 6′ and 5″ Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 6′ and the 5″ positions with or without N-1 substitution, such as N-1-haba-6′-phenylpropyl-5″-fluoro neomycin (Compound 82) and N-1-haba-6′-phenylpropyl-5″-isopropylamino neomycin (Compound 84), are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 14-44, 78-84 and 86-87. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring 1) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 97 Synthesis of N-1-haba-2″-O-phenylethylaminoethyl-3′,4′-dideoxy neomycin (87)

To a stirred solution of 38 (100 mg, 0.067 mmol) and CbzOSu (33 mg, 0.133 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and continued to stir for 6 h. Saturated ammonium chloride solution was added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent yielded the corresponding crude product. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography to yield pure 85 (61 mg, 56%). ESI/MS calcd for C₈₅H₁₀₁N₇O₂₆ (M+H⁺): 1636.74. found: 1636.7.

To a stirred solution of 85 (60 mg, 0.037 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added TsCl (9 mg, 0.046) and continued to stir overnight. Few drops of water were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated CuSO₄ solution, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent yielded the corresponding crude product. This crude material in dry DMF was added NaN₃ (24 mg, 0.37 mmol) and heated at 70° C. for 12 h. Few drops of saturated ammonium chloride were added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, followed by concentration of the solvent yielded the corresponding crude product. This material was purified by flash column chromatography to yield the pure 86 (21 mg, 34%). In addition to the product, some regioisomeric product (15 mg, 24%) and starting free hydroxyl compound (10 mg) were isolated. ESI/MS calcd for C₈₅H₁₀₀N₁₀O₂₅ (M+H⁺): 1661.76. found: 1661.9.

To a stirred solution of 86 (20 mg, 0.012 mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid/water mixture (4:1) and 0.5 mL of methanol was added 20% Pd(OH)₂ (20 mg) at room temperature and stirred for 6 h under hydrogen atmosphere (balloon). Then filtered over celite and lypholized to give 87 as acetate salt (14 mg, 93%). [α]_(D)=+27.1° (c 0.2, H₂O). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.4-7.1 (m, 5H), 5.5 (s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.5-4.4 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.0 (m, 5H), 3.9-3.6 (m, 9H), 3.5-3.1 (m, 11H), 3.0-2.8 (m, 5H), 2.1-1.4 (m, 8H); ESI/MS calcd for C₃₇H₆₆N₈O₁₃ (M+H⁺): 830.47493. found: 830.48221.

Example 98 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 1 and 5″ Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 1′ and the 5″ positions are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 45-59, 61-77, 78-84, 86-87 and 89-93. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 99 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 6 and 2″ Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 6′ and the 6 positions are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 1-13, 53-59 and 61-77. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 100 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 6 and 5″ Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 6 and the 5″ positions are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 53-59, 78-84 and 86-87. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 101 Synthesis of Paromomycin Analogs Substituted at the 6′ and 6 Positions

Paromomycin analogs substituted at the 6′ and the 6 positions are prepared following the synthetic methods illustrated herein and particularly Examples 14-44 and 53-59. 3′-4′ dideoxy analogs (on ring I) are prepared by similar means starting from Compound 31 in Example 61. Numerous modifications known in the chemical arts, such as for example variation of chemical functional groups or reaction conditions, are amenable to the synthetic methods disclosed herein. Such modifications are intended to be included in the present invention and will enable even further diverse Paromomycin analogs.

Example 102 Coupled Bacterial Transcription/Translation Assay

The DNA template, pBestLuc™ (Promega), is a plasmid containing a reporter gene for firefly luciferase fused to a strong tac promoter and ribosome binding site. Messenger RNA from 1 μg pBestLuc is transcribed and translated in E. coli S30 bacterial extract in the presence or absence of test compound. Compounds are tested in a black 96 well microtiter plate with an assay volume of 35 μL. Each test well contains: 5 μL test compound, 13 μL S30 premix (Promega), 4 μL 10× complete amino acid mix (1 mM each), 5 μL E. coli S30 extract and 8 μL of 0.125 μg/μL pBestLuc™. The transcription/translation reaction is incubated for 35 minutes at 37° C. followed by detection of functional luciferase with the addition of 30 μL LucLite™ (Packard). Light output is quantitated on a Packard TopCount.

Example 103 Mass Spectrometry Based Binding Asay

Screening was performed by measuring the formation of non-covalent complexes between a single ligand or ligand mixture and the appropriate RNA target, such as for example the 16S Kd and 18S Kd ribosomal subunits, along with suitable control structured RNA target(s) simultaneously using a 9.4 T FT-ICR mass spectrometer as detector. Full experimental details of the assay for have been described in related literature (Sannes-Lowery, et al. in TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2000, 19, 481-491; Sannes-Lowery, et al. in Anal. Biochem. 2000, 280, 264-271; and Griffey, R. H.; Sannes-Lowery, K. A.; Drader, J. J.; Mohan, V.; Swayze, E. E. et al. Characterization of Low Affinity Complexes Between RNA and Small Molecules Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9933-9938).

In a typical experiment, 10 μL of an aqueous solution containing 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer, 2.5 or 5 μM of each RNA, and 33% isopropyl alcohol (to aid ion desolvation) was prepared with different concentrations of each ligand or ligand mixture Samples were introduced into the electrospray ionization source (negative ionization mode) at 1 μL/min and ions were stored for 1 sec in an RF-only hexapole following desolvation. The abundances were integrated from the respective ions for free RNA and the ligand-RNA complex. The primary (1:1 RNA:ligand) and secondary (1:2 complex, if observed). KD values were determined by titrating a single ligand through a concentration range of 0.25-25 μM with an RNA target concentration of 0.10 μM. The peak ratios were measured at each concentration, then a plot of complex/free RNA versus concentration of ligand added was fitted to a second (or higher) order binding polynomial to determine the KD.

Example 104 In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs)

The MIC assays are carried out in 150 μL volume in duplicate in 96-well clear flat-bottom plates. The bacterial suspension from an overnight culture growth in appropriate medium is added to a solution of test compound in 4% DMSO in water. Final bacterial inoculum is approximately 10⁵-10⁶ CFU/well. The percent growth of the bacteria in test wells relative to that observed for a well containing no compound is determined by measuring absorbance at 595 nm (A₅₉₅) after 24 h. The MIC is determined as a range of single compound where the complete inhibition of growth is observed at the higher concentration and cells are viable at the lower concentrations. Both ampicillin and tetracycline are used as antibiotic-positive controls in each screening assay for S. pyogenes, E. coli imp-, E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae and P. vulgaris. Ciprofloxacin is used as an antibiotic positive control in each screening assay for P. aeruginosa.

Example 105 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were analyzed for their activity using FTICR mass spectrometry (for 16S Kd, run at 100 nM RNA, except those marked with an asterisk were run at 500 nM RNA) and a bacterial transcription/translation assay, such as described herein. The compounds were also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli and S. Aureus to determine activities. Data marked with “^(b)”⁻⁻ initially tested MIC<1.5 uM, but retested higher.

18S Kd 16S Kd Trans/Trans MIC (uM) Compound# (uM) (uM) IC50 (uM) E. Coli. S. Aureus  9h NA 9.2 1.0 >50 25-50  9i NA 1.3 0.2 25-50 2-3  9g NA 0.9* 0.2 12-52  6-12  9c NA 0.4* 0.3 25-50 3-6  9f NA 0.3 0.4 12-25 2-3  9d NA 0.7 0.3  6-12 2-3 61 NA 1.1 0.3 >50 12-25 13 NA 2.7 0.3 25-50 3-6 14a NA 3.8 0.3 >50  6-12 30a 58 19 0.2  6-12 12-25 30b 18 9.2 0.1  6-12  6-12 12a 7.3 0.9 0.1 12-25  6-12  9j 5.0 0.1 0.1 1.5-3  3-6  9k 2.6 0.3 0.04 1.5-3  3-6 54 68 4.1 0.3  6-12 25-50  9e 11 3.9 0.2 >100  >100  9a 3.5 0.6 0.1  3-6^(b) 0.6-1   9b 9.4 0.9 0.1   6-12^(b) 0.6-1   9m 0.9 0.1 0.1 12-25 1-2  9n 0.4 0.1 0.2 3-6 3-5  9l NA NA 0.1  50-100  6-12  9t 0.3 0.02 0.7  6-12 0.6-1   9r 1.8 0.6 0.3 12-25 2-3  9o 1.0 0.2 0.2  6-12 0.6-1   9p 1.3 0.1 1.1 3-6 0.3-0.6  9q 0.3 0.1 0.8 3-6 3-5  9s 0.5 0.1 0.2 3-6 0.3-0.6  9u 22 5 0.4 12-25 1-2  9x 6.3 1.0 0.1 3-5 0.6-1.2  9z 6.4 0.7 0.1 3-5 0.6-1.2 14c 59 40 0.2 10-20 3-5  9ak 3.5 0.7 0.3 10-20  1-3.

Example 106 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were analyzed for their activity using FTICR mass spectrometry and a bacterial transcription/translation assay, such as described herein. The compounds were also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli and S. Aureus to determine activities.

18S Kd 16S Kd Trans/Trans MIC (uM) Compound# (uM) (uM) IC50 (uM) E. Coli. S. Aureus paromomycin 4.8 0.6 0.1 20-40 3-5  9y NA NA 0.2 10-20  5-10  9aa 3.5 0.9 1.5 20-40  5-10  9v 5.8 2.5 0.3 10-20 0.6-1   9w 1.7 3.2 0.4 20-40 1-3 11 6.1 1.5 0.4 10-20 1-3 10 2.5 3.9 0.4 10-20 3-5

Neomycin B was also tested in the assays described. The 16S and 18S Kd were 0.04 and 0.3 μM, respectively. The Trans/Trans IC50 was 0.2 μM, and the MIC for E. Coli and S. Aureus were 1.3-2.5 and 0.6-1.3, respectively.

Example 107 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli and S. Aureus to determine activities. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

MIC (uM) Compound# E. Coli. S. Aureus  9ac >10 1.3-2.5  9ab >10  5-10  9ad >10 2.5-5   9ae N.D. N.D.  9af >10 2.5-5   9ah  5-10 0.6-1.2 67  5-10 1.3-2.5 12b 20-40  5-10 14b 20-40 3-5 14c 10-20 3-5 30c >100  12-25

Example 108 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were analyzed for their activity using FTICR mass spectrometry and a bacterial transcription/translation assay, such as described herein. The compounds were also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli and S. Aureus to determine activities.

18S Kd 16S Kd Trans/Trans MIC (uM) Compound# (uM) (uM) IC50 (uM) E. Coli. S. Aureus 15d 1.4 0.01 0.3  6-12 12-25 15a 0.7 0.6 0.3 3-6 2-3 15e 1.2 0.4 0.2 2-3 2-3 15i 1.7 0.6 0.2 12-25 3-6 15h 1.2 1.2 0.2 2.5-5  1.3-2.5 15b 1.4 1.6 0.2 2.5-5  1.3-2.5 15f 6.0 6.3 0.0 2.5-5  10-20 15j 2.2 0.5 0.2 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15c 3.0 3.6 0.3 20-40 10-20

Example 109 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli and S. Aureus to determine activities. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

MIC (uM) Compound# E. Coli. S. Aureus 15g 2.5-5  0.6-1.2 15k 2.5-5  0.3-0.6 15l 0.6-1.2 0.3-0.6 15r 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15v 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15n 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15p 1.3-2.5 0.2-0.3 15t  5-10 0.6-1.2 15m 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15s 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15w 1.3-2.5 1.3-2.5 15x 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15q 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15n 0.6-1.2 0.2-0.3 15o 0.6-1.2 0.2-0.3 15z 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15aa 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 15y 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6

Example 110 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. aurginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, and A. baumannii to determine activities. Each of the bacterial cultures that are available from ATCC (www.atcc.org) is identified by its ATCC number. A. baumannii is gentamicin sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii #2 from Walter Reed.

MIC (uM) E. coli S. aureus P. aurginosa P. aurginosa K. pneumoniae P. vulgaris A. baumannii ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC WReed Compound# 25922 13709 25416 29248 10031 8427 2 9p - sample 1 5-10 10-20 >40 >40 1.3-2.5 2.5-5  2.5-5  9p - sample 2 >40 1.2-2.5 >40 >40 >40 20-40 >40 15j 1.3-2.5  10-20 >40 >40   <0.6 1.3-2.5 1.3-2.5 9ae >40 10-20  5-10 >40  5-10 20-40 20-40 67 2.5-5   20-40 1.3-2.5  5-10 0.6-1.3  5-10 2.5-5  46a 0.6-1.3  0.6-1.2 0.6-1.3 1.3-2.5   <0.6 0.6-1.3 0.6-1.3 46b 5-10 1.2-2.5 1.3-2.5  5-10 1.3-2.5  5-10 2.5-5  9ag 10-20  0.6-1.2 10-20 >40 2.5-5   10-20 10-20 9aj 5-10 <0.6 >40 >40 1.3-2.5  5-10 2.5-5  9ai 5-10 1.2-2.5 2.5-5  20-40 2.5-5    5-10 10-20

Example 111 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compounds were prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compounds were also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. aurginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, and A. baumannii to determine activities. Each of the bacterial cultures that are available from ATCC (www.atcc.org) is identified by its ATCC number. A. baumannii is gentamicin sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii #2 from Walter Reed.

MIC (uM) E. coli S. aureus P. aurginosa P. aurginosa K. pneumoniae P. vulgaris A. baumannii ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC WReed Compound# 25922 13709 25416 29248 10031 8427 2 Paromomycin  5-10 10-20 >40 >40 0.6-1.3 >40 2.5-5  15j 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 >40 >40 0.6-1.3 >40 20-40 15l 1.3-2.5 0.2-0.3 >40 >40 0.6-1.3 >40 10-20 15u 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 >40 >40 0.6-1.3 >40 10-20 15o 1.3-2.5 0.3-0.6 >40 >40 0.6-1.3 >40 10-20 9p - sample 1  5-10 0.6-1.3 >40 >40 2.5-5  >40 >40 67  5-10 1.3-2.5 10-20 5-10 0.6-1.3 2.5-5  5-10 46a 1.3-2.5 0.2-0.3 10-20 5-10 0.3-0.6   5-10 10-20 39 2.5-5  0.6-1.3 >40 >40 1.3-2.5 >40 20-40

Example 112 Representative Aminoglycoside Compounds

The following compound was prepared using methods illustrated in the previous examples. The compound was also examined in standard bacterial assays against E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. aurginosa, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii to determine activities. Each of the bacterial cultures that are available from ATCC (www.atcc.org) is identified by its ATCC number.

MIC (uM) S. P. K. A. E. coli aureus aurginosa pneumoniae baumannii ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC Compound# 25922 29213 27853 10031 19606 87 <16 <16 <16 <16 <16

Example 113 Staphylococcus aureus (Smith Strain ATCC 13709) Mouse Protection Assay

Two of the novel aminoglycoside compounds of the invention were examined for their anitbacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus. Mice were fed with autoclaved commercial food pellets and sterile water ad libitum. Animals were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL/mouse of the indicated concentration of S. aureus (ATCC 13709) containing 10% mucin. There were 10 mice in each treatment group and compounds were administered subcutaneously one and 3 hour after infection. Compounds 15a (R₄═R₅═CH₃) and 15j (R₄═H, R₅═(CH₂)₂C₆H₅)) were used at 75 mg/kg, 37.5 mg/kg, 18.8 mg/kg, 9.4 mg/kg, 4.7 mg/kg, 2.3 mg/kg, 1.17 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg. Amakacin, paromomycin and neomycin were used as the positive controls at concentrations of 2 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg.

Staph Conc. Antibiotic conc. # Dead mice/Total mice in group 10⁹ 0 5/5 (10% Mucin) 10⁸ 0 5/5 (10% Mucin) 10⁷ 0 1/5 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 0 0/5 (10% Mucin)  0 0 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 0 9/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁷ 0 9/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Amikacin 2 mg/kg 8/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Amikacin 1 mg/kg 10/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Amikacin 0.5 mg/kg 8/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Paromomycin 2 mg/kg 9/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Paromomycin 1 mg/kg 10/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Paromomycin 0.5 mg/kg 10/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Neomycin 2 mg/kg 4/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Neomycin 1 mg/kg 10/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ Neomycin 0.5 mg/kg 7/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 75 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 37 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 18 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 9 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 4.5 mg/kg 1/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 2 mg/kg 7/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 1 mg/kg 7/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15a 0.5 mg/kg 8/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 75 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 37 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 18 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 9 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 4.5 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 2 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 1 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 15j 0.5 mg/kg 7/10 (10% Mucin)

In a similar experiment, compounds 9p (R₆═CH₂C₆H₅) and 9b (R₆=3-pyridyl) were used at 75 mg/kg, 37 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, and 0.1 mg/kg in the staphylococcus aureus protection assay. Test compound was administered as an aqueous buffer solution (phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH=7.4). The data in the table below clearly indicate that both 9p and 9b are effective at preventing lethal bacterial infections in mice, with 9p being protective at doses as small as 0.25 mg/kg.

Staph Conc. Antibiotic conc. # Dead mice/Total mice in group 10⁶ 9p 75 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 37 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 18 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 9 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 4.5 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 2 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 1 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 0.5 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 0.25 mg/kg 1/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9p 0.1 mg/kg 5/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 75 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 37 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 18 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 9 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 4.5 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 2 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 1 mg/kg 0/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 0.5 mg/kg 3/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 0.25 mg/kg 6/10 (10% Mucin) 10⁶ 9b 0.1 mg/kg 7/10 (10% Mucin)

All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the present description. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and a compound having the following formula VI:

or a prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q₁ is —NR₁₀R₁₁; Q₂ is

each Q₃ and Q₄ is —OR₇, Q₅ is —OR₈; each of R₁, R₆, R₇ and R₈ is, in each instance, H; each R₂ and R₁₀ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R₁₁ is cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)—(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; L₁ is S, O or NJ₁; n is an integer from 1 to 8; m is 0 or 1; nn is 0 or an integer from 1 to 8; mm is 1 or 2; E₁ is H, hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, —NJ₁J₂, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical or a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and optionally includes one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, —C(═O)—X, a heterocyclic radical or a substituted heterocyclic radical; each X is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and Z₁ and Z₂ are each, independently, H or —OH.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein mm is
 1. 3. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein mm is
 2. 4. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein each R₂ is H.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein Z₁ is —OH.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein R₁₀ is H.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein R₁₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein: R₁₀ is H; R₁₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; each R₂ is H; and Z₁ is —OH.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein said compound of formula VI has the configuration:


10. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein mm is
 1. 11. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein mm is
 2. 12. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein each R₂ is H.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein Z₁ is —OH.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein R₁₀ is H.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein R₁₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein: R₁₀ is H; R₁₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; each R₂ is H; and Z₁ is —OH.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein mm is
 1. 18. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein mm is
 2. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and a compound having the following formula I:

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q₁ is azido or —NR₁₀R_(1l); Q₂ is —NR₁₀R₁₂, each Q₃ and Q₄ is —OR₇, Q₅ is H, halogen, cyano, azido, —OR₈, —NR₂R₃, a protected amino group or a nitrogen containing heterocyclic radical which optionally includes one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein the heterocyclic radical is covalently linked through said nitrogen atom; each R₁ is, independently, H or a hydroxyl protecting group; each R₂ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; each R₃ is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)—(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; each R₆ is, independently, H or an amino protecting group; each R₇ is, independently, H, a hydroxyl protecting group or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)-(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; R₈ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)—(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; each R₁₀ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; each R₁₁ is, independently, cyano, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl or —(CH₂)_(n)-(L₁)_(m)—(CH₂)_(nn)-E₁; and R₁₂ is a group having the following formula III:

each L₁ is, independently, S, O or NJ₁; L₂ is CH or N; each n is, independently, an integer from 1 to 8; each m is, independently, 0 or 1; each nn is, independently, 0 or an integer from 1 to 8; mm is 1 or 2; each E₁ is, independently, H, hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, —NJ₁J₂, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, a heterocyclic radical, a substituted heterocyclic radical or a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and optionally includes one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, —C(═O)—X, a heterocyclic radical or a substituted heterocyclic radical; each X is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; each Z₁ and Z₂ is, independently, H, hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; and Z₃ is a group having the following formula IV:

and wherein when Q₂ is —N(H)C(═O)C(H)(OH)CH₂CH₂NH₂ then Q₁ is other than —N(H)CH₃ or —N(H)CH₂CH₃ and Q₅ is other than —N(H)C(═NH)NH₂ or —N(H)CH═NH₂.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein one of Z₁ and Z₂ is H.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein: each of said substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl or substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocyclic radical, substituted heterocyclic radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, —OJ₃, —NJ₁J₂, —SJ₃, —N₃, —COOH, —C(═O)—X, —CN, —S(═O)₂—X, —S(═O)—X, —C(═O)—NJ₁J₂, —N(H)C(═O)-J₁, —N(J₁)—(CH₂)_(nm)—OJ₃ and —N(J₁)-(CH₂)_(nm)—NJ₁J₂ and a substituted or unsubstituted mono or poly cyclic structure that is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated and optionally includes one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; each J₃ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl or a hydroxyl protecting group; and nm is an integer from 1 to
 20. 22. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein said compound of formula I has the configuration:


23. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein said compound of formula I has the configuration:


24. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein mm is
 1. 25. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein mm is
 2. 